PE 1144 
.H54 
Copy 1 




THE 



Ptosis ^pllittjg-§00ft 



OF 



mil, wii-sra 



BY 



NOBLE HEATH, 

AUTHOR 07 HEATH'S SELF-TEACHING ARITHMETIC. 



vD 






"The sluggard 'will not plough by reason of the cold, therefore shall he 
beg in harvest, and have nothing.— Pbov. xz. 4 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 89 S. FIFTH ST. 



Sold by HATES & ZELL, 439 Market St. 



J LIBRARY QF CONGRESS, 

! ! I 

| „ [SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT.] J 

^UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. \ 









^ 



THE 



OF 

PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH; 



CONTAINING 



IMPORTANT STRICTURES AND RULES ON 
PRONUNCIATION, ETC. 

TOGETHER WITH 

A UNIVERSAL SYSTEM 

OP 

ENGLISH SYLLABICATION. 



NOBLE ' HEATH, 

la ' 

AUTHOE OF HEATH'S SELF-TEACHING ARITHMETIC. 



Go, little book, to every nook 
In school and college, farm and town ; 
In truthful plainness sit thee down, 
And there reward them for their pence 
With good plain English common-sense. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 89 SOUTH FIFTH ST. 

1857. 



~Y£ 



n** 



}\S*r 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 
NOBLE HEATH, 
the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON & CO. 
PHILADELPHIA. 



fttotac&it 



English orthography, and, consequently, English orthoepy, 
is more anomalous than that of any other refined modern lan- 
guage. Hence the amount of time and labour required for 
attaining proficiency therein, as well as the difficulty of pre- 
paring a course of study calculated to promote so desirable a 
result, is proportionably great. 

Notwithstanding the herculean, persevering efforts which 
have been made by many distinguished men to improve this 
branch of learning, we find strange discordance and discre- 
pancy in the works of the most approved authors. 

With respect to syllabication, an examination of the spelling- 
books now in use will show that, in these at least, although it 
is their particular province, a consistent regular system is not 
to be found; and, though some are much less objectionable 
than others, it is remarkable that the very book which seems to 
be the most ludicrously erroneous is the most extensively used; 
having, it is said, an annual sale of nearly one million copies. 
From this work we extract the following examples : — 

as so'ciate dis so'ciate no vi"tiate 

con so'ciate pro pi"tiate of fi"ciate 

The pronunciation of these, as they stand, is forced, unna- 
tural, and entirely at variance with the best usage : hence 
this division of them is absurd. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The division of the following is ludicrous. They are taken 
from a section containing one hundred, or more, all divided in 
the same manner : — 



mag ic 


ac id 


ag it ate 


fu gac i ty 


trag ic 


dig it 


leg i hie 


lo quae i ty 


ag ile 


log ic 


vig il ant 


men dac i ty 


plac id 


tac it 


so lie it 


fe roc i ty 



By this division, one of the most simple elementary 
principles, not only of the English, but of any other, lan- 
guage, is completely outraged, viz. : c or g, preceded by 
a single short accented vowel in the same syllable, is 
always hard. 

It does not require any great amount of log ic, lo gic, to 
determine which of these methods of dividing the word is 
right, seeing that, in one, g has its natural soft sound before i, 
which is clearly understood without a mark; and, in the 
other, because this simple principle is, contrary to reason 
and common sense, violated, a mark is necessary to restore 
its proper sound. 

Within the last forty years, we have had abundant opportu- 
nity to remark that, where, in a spelling-book, a common prin- 
ciple of language is violated, the author generally endeavours 
to atone for it by the use of some hieroglyphic, which is to be 
understood as a restoration of all things. This bungling con- 
trivance only tends to confuse the ideas of the learner : — so 
the author, from whose work we have taken the above exam- 
ples, having grossly violated the common laws of language, by 
giving to the letter c, after a short accented vowel, a soft 
sound like s, seems to think that its natural hard sound, even 
when initial before another consonant, will not be understood 
without a mark, and, therefore, makes a dash through the 
middle of it; so we find this letter, even in the easiest words, 
such as eat, -eot, eut, elan, erown, &c, in which its natural 
hard sound could not be mistaken, paraded throughout the 
work with this dash, which is of about as much use as to light 



INTRODUCTION. 



a candle to see the sun. This shows how naturally one ab- 
surdity leads to another. 

The division of the following, in which q is separated from 
u, is contrary, not only to elementary principle, but the esta- 
blished usage of every language in the alphabet of which q 
is found : — 

liq'uid piq'uant liq'uid a tion 

liq'uor eq'ui ty ob liq'ui ty 

Of the following nine words, in which the author says t 
is not pronounced, one is, strangely enough, divided as it 
should be : — 

chast en glis'ten moist'en 

hast en fast'en oft'en 

christ'en list'en soft'en 

This is surely a very imperfect pronunciation. What is 
more illiterate than to hear offen instead of often ? 

The pronunciation of the following is not only inelegant, 
but contrary to established usage, and inconsistent with ana- 
logy:— 

been, pronounced bin gone, pronounced gaun 

one " wun ra tio " ra sho 

once " wunce right eous " ri chus 

It must doubtless appear very singular to the student, that 
right spells rl, and that eous spells chus. 

Of the following words, one only is divided as it should be : 
the division of all the others is monstrous : — 

cog it ate ■ \ tac it urn i ty \ trunn ion 

reg i ment ) rec i proc i ty ) pann ier 

in du rate ~) rhi noc e ros 1 dis un ion 

sat ur ate J fa mil iar ize ) com miin ion 



}rhi noc e ros ") 
fa mil iar ize j 
mieh ael mas \ mu cil ag in ous \ veg et a tion 
cha mel eon j so lie it a tion J cog it a tion 

If the numerous instances already cited, and hundreds 



1* 



INTRODUCTION. 



more which remain unnoticed, in which the most simple and 
general principles of syllabication and pronunciation are 
outraged, and our good plain English tortured into inge- 
niously grotesque and ridiculous forms, are sufficient to render 
a spelling-book elementary, then is the spelling-book, from 
which we have taken the above examples, indeed an emi- 
nently elementary spelling-book. 

If the reader is not already fully satisfied with the beautiful 
consistency of English syllabication, let him contemplate the 
following, taken without much research from some of the 
other spelling-books now in use : — 

on er ous \ seen er y brev ia ry Sav ior 

clam or ous ) sat ur ate \ be hav ior al ien ate 

se ragl io ) sep a rate ) fa mil iar ad diti on ") 

in ta-gl io j het er o dox con viv ial di visi on J 

The question naturally arises, Do the French, the Spanish, 
the Germans, or the Italians, in their respective languages, 
find the same confusion ? By no means. Two well-educated 
men of any one of these nations could scarcely be found who 
would differ in the mere division into syllables of any word 
whatever in their vernacular tongue ; and, what is more, they 
will promptly and correctly divide any ordinary word, in any 
of the other three languages, or even in English, with all its 
anomalies, whether the word is or is not understood. 

Suppose that to a well-educated foreigner we give, for divi- 
sion, the word reciprocity. The author of this work feels 
assured that he will divide it thus : — re ci pro ci ty. French, 
ri ci pro ci te; Spanish, re ci pro ci dad. The word genero- 
sity will, in like manner, be divided thus : — ge ne ro si ty; 
French, ge n4 ro si te; Spanish, ge ne ro si dad. 

If any ask the reason of this, the answer is, it is because 
they all, as though by convention, adopt a universal principle, 
which is applicable to any language whatever. 



INTRODUCTION. 



UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE OF SYLLABICATION. 

Consonants, having of themselves little or no sound, consist 
of a variety of arrangements of the organs of speech for the 
propulsion or susception of vowel sounds, the number of 
which, in any word, constitutes the number of its articu- 
lations or syllables. The vowel sound, or syllable, is therefore 
of three kinds, — propulsive, susceptive, or isolated. . Hence 
the following 

GENERAL RULE OP DIVISION. 

One or more consonants, which propel or suscept a vowel 
sound, must accompany that sound : — hence no vowel sound is, 
in any case, isolated; nor is any syllable allowed to begin 
with a vowel, where this can possibly be prevented. 

SPECIAL RULES. 

1. As the propulsion of vowel sounds is not only the more 
general office of the consonant, but that which renders pro- 
nunciation the easiest and most natural, the following is the 
most essential of all rules, namely, — a consonant between two 
vowels is joined to the latter. Thus, ge ne ra li ty. The 
French word is divided gi ni ra li U, and the Spanish, 
ge ne ra li dad. 

2. Two consonants, in the middle of a word, which are not 
proper to begin a word, are divided. Thus, cer tain; French, 
cer tain; Spanish, cier to. 

3. When several consonants meet in the middle of a 
word, some of which are proper to begin a word, those 
which are proper are generally made to begin a syllable. 
Thus, li iho gra phy ; French, li tlio gra phie ; Spanish, 
li to gra fi a. Ex treme ; French, ex tre me ; Spanish, 
es tre mo. 

4. Though proper to begin a word, they are divided 
when terminal in a primitive word, to which a syllable is 
added, beginning with a vowel. Thus, as king, has king, 
jes ting. 



INTRODUCTION. 



5. A vowel or diphthong is naturally isolated when it begins 
a word and comes before one or more propelling consonants 
which are followed by a vowel, by Rules 1 and 3. Thus, 
a muse, au thor. 

6. A vowel is unavoidably isolated in the middle of a word, 
when there is a succession of vowels which do not form a 
diphthong or triphthong. Thus, vi o let, li ne a ment. 

7. A naturally isolated vowel or diphthong remains iso- 
lated when preceded by a mere prefix; as, dis u nite, 
in au di ble. 

8. A syllable unavoidably begins with a vowel, when to 
words such as bring, sing, &c. we add ing, ed, er, &c. 
Thus, sing er ; for, if we detach g from sing, and make it 
initial in the following syllable, the pronunciation, as well as 
the meaning of the word is changed, and we have sin ger, one 
who or that which sin ges. 

The difficulty of acquiring a correct pronunciation of the 
English language, which has hitherto, especially to foreigners, 
been almost insurmountable, seems to be chiefly attributable 
to the unparalleled caprice, as well as variety, which we find 
in the sounds attached to the vowels. 

This is very evident, from the widely different opinions and 
practice of the most celebrated writers on the subject; and it 
is to be regretted that some of these, otherwise highly merito- 
rious, either from too great indulgence of their own taste, or 
too great willingness to adopt local or theatrical for general 
usage, have introduced, much to the disparagement of the 
language, whimsical affectations in pronunciation, which, 
while they are justly decried as monsters by some, are culti- 
vated as elegancies by others. The following are specimens : — 
guard, kind, odious, education, pronunciation, creature, 
fortune, jointure, virtue, visual, physiognomy, petulant, 
presumptuous, &c. &c. These are affectedly pronounced 
gyard, Icyind, ojeus, edjuhasliun, pronunsheashun, kretshure, 
fortsliune, jointshure, vertshu, vizhual, fizheognomy, pettshu- 
lant, presumptshuous, &c. &c, but are doubtless much more 



INTRODUCTION. 



agreeable and consistent when pronounced naturally as they 
are spelled. 

The easy, natural, and uniform system of syllabication and 
pronunciation set forth in this book, together with the method 
of applying it in the instruction of a class of pupils, is no 
untried novelty: the author has tested it for more than 
thirty years, and feels assured that his numerous pupils, 
now living, hold in grateful remembrance its surprising 
efficiency. 

ARRANGEMENT OP BOYS IN CLASS. 

The author used to arrange his boys in class in military 
array, the tallest boy at the head of the class, and so in suc- 
cession to the least boy, who stood last. The reward of emi- 
nent superiority was promotion to a higher class, and the 
punishment of habitual negligence, degradation to a lower. 
There was no changing of place, which always occasions con- 
fusion and loss of time, and often gives rise to unprofitable 
dispute and jealousy. 

METHOD OP CONNING THE LESSON ON BOOK. 

Then, with the book open, each boy in his turn, the lesson 
was audibly and very distinctly conned in the following 
manner: — a, u, au; t, h, e, n, then, auihen' ; t, i, t% } 
authen'ti; c, a, t, e, cate, authenticate: c, a, ca; p, a, pa, 
capd; c, i, ci, capa'ci ; t, a, t, e, tate, capa'citate, &c. 

In this very important exercise, the teacher should par- 
ticularly and unfailingly insist on the distinct and separate 
pronunciation of every successive syllable, be/ore he permits it 
to be incorporated with the syllable or syllables which have 
preceded it Immense loss is always sustained where this is 
not attended to. 

Before the class is required to spell from memory, the 
lesson should be read by the boys, in succession, from 
beginning to end, with a clear, sufficiently loud, and very 
distinct utterance, till it is ascertained that every boy can do 
this with facility. 



10 INTRODUCTION. 



METHOD OF SPELLING FROM MEMORY. 

The books being shut and placed under the left arm, the 
teacher, monitor, or boy, (each member of the class may, in 
his turn, be required to do this,) proceeds to give out the 
lesson, thus : — The teacher deliberately pronounces the first 
word. Suppose it to be authenticate. The scholar, with 
great distinctness and precision, pronounces the syllables 
of the word, which he divides according to Rules 5, 3, 2, 
and 1. Thus :— 

Au then ti cate. 

Then, with a slight stress on the last letter of each syllable 
and a pause between that syllable and the next, to mark the 
articulations, he pronounces, from beginning to end, the 
letters only which compose the word, thus : — 

a,u' t ; h ; e ? n' t ? i' c ; a,t ; e\ 

Teaches. Capacitate. 

Scholar. Ca pa ci tate. Eule 1. 

c,a' p,a' c ? i' t,a ; t ? e\ 

And so on, throughout the lesson. 

This is an exceedingly rapid, easy, and efficient exercise. 
Scholars taught by this system soon acquire surprising facility 
in spelling the most difficult words, together with a clearness 
of enunciation unattainable by other means. With an ener- 
getic teacher, after a few weeks' practice, a mistake will be a 
thing of rare occurrence. This fact has been proved by long 
experience. 

The great simplicity and consistency of the rules of divi- 
sion; the confidence in his own ability, with which a clear 
view of them inspires the pupil, and the order and habit of 
analysis which they very soon establish in his mind, will at 
once be obvious to every intelligent teacher. 

* When the letter e is final after b, e, d, g, p, t, or v, great care should 
be taken to let it be distinctly heard. 



INTRODUCTION. 11 



All the vowels and many of the consonants are, in 
English, frequently silent ; as a in aisle; e in sleight; 
i in tailor; o in people; and u in trough: — b in dumb; 
c in indict; g in gnat; h in hour; k in knight; I in 
would; m in mnemonics; n in autumn; p and s in corps ; 
t in whistle, &c. 

The consonants are, however, in general, according to the 
genius of the language, especially when final in mono- 
syllables, distinctly and strongly pronounced. 

The vowels, on the contrary, are continually subject to an 
indistinct and almost indefinable sound. This sound, which, 
in familiar and rapid enunciation, seems, in many cases, 
completely to confound them with each other, resembles the 
sound of e in the, when placed before a consonant, as the boy, 
the man, &c, or the sound of e in the French words je, le, &c. 
Thus, in the second syllable of the words pdlatable, liberal, 
delicate, pillory, prejudice, there is scarcely any distinction in 
the sound of a, e, i, o, u, though it must be remarked that 
u is less subject to this loss of individuality than any of the 
other vowels. In rSgular, sdluble, &c, u is distinctly heard. 

In unaccented syllables e is frequently, and other vowels 
occasionally, almost entirely suppressed : thus, lived, worked, 
given, pardoning, reckoning, heavenly, prisoner, questioned, 
are pronounced as though written liv'd, work't, giv'n, 
pard'ning, reck'ning, heav'nly, pris'ner, question' d. 

It will doubtless be admitted that on the power and use 
of speech mainly rests the responsibility of every member 
of . community, as such. Also that nothing more distin- 
guishes an individual in society than a correct and masterly 
use of his vernacular tongue. 

Now, as it is unquestionably much easier to form a correct 
enunciation at the outset than to correct a vitiated one con- 
firmed by habit, it may perhaps not be considered irrelevant 
to recommend to those who are entering upon the arduous 
self-sacrificing duties incumbent on the instruction of youth, 
that they insist on a close attention to the primary elements 



12 INTRODUCTION. 

of our language : for example, to the sounds of the letters, 
digraphs, and diphthongs ; the rules for spelling ; the metho- 
dical reiteration of syllables in conning words ; the use of the 
indefinite article a before a consonant-vowel ; to the two dis- 
tinct and very different sounds of the article the and the 
preposition to; to the distinct pronunciation of and; to the 
use of so and as, &c; and, in general, to a clear, distinct, 
sufficiently loud, deliberate, and unaffected delivery, as well 
as a perfectly natural intonation. 

The distinctions in the sounds of the vowels, many of 
which, as far as the author is aware, have not hitherto been 
noticed, as well as the collection and classification of nearly 
two thousand words derived from the French, will, it is 
hoped, prove of great utility both to the English and French 
student. 

To the extraordinary variety of the vowel sounds, the 
strength and distinctness of the consonants and the accent, 
which no polysyllable word is without, is to be attributed 
much of the facility of expression, startling energy, wild 
grandeur, irresistible pathos, and inimitable power of versi- 
fication, which so greatly distinguish our sublimely beautiful 
idiom. 

THE AUTHOK. 

Philadelphia, May 5, 1857. 



C|e gJp|ahi 



Roman. 


Italic. 


Gothic. 


English Names. 


French Names. 


a 


A 


a A 


A 


a 


6 


b 


B 


b B 


B 


be 


bi 


c 


C 


c C 


C 


ce 


Cl 


d 


D 


d I) 


D 


de 


di 


e 


E 


e E 


E 


e 


i 


f 


F 


f F 


F 


ef 


f 


£ 


G 


9 & 


G 


J e 


dji 


h 


H 


h H 


H 


aitch. 


e*etch 


i 


I 


i I 


1 


i 


a'i 


J 


J 


J J 


J 


jay 


Qlje- 


k 


X 


k K 


K 


kay 


kd 


1 


L 


I L 


L 


el 


1 


m 


M 


m M 


M 


em 


m 


n 


N" 


n N 


N 


en 


n 








o 


O 








P 


P 


p P 


P 


pe 


Pi 


q 


Q 


q Q 


Q 


cue 


kiou 


r 


R 


T R 


R 


ar 


ar 


s 


S 


s S 


S 


ess 


s 


t 


T 


t T 


T 


te 


ti 


u 


U 


u U 


U 


u 


iou 


V 


V 


v V 


V 


ve 


vi 


w 


W 


w W 


w 


double u 


dobbl'iou 


X 


X 


x X 


X 


eks 


eks 


y 


Y 


y Y 


Y 


wi 


oua'i 


z 


Z 


z Z 


z 


zed 


zed 




&* 


#*• 


& 


and 


annd 




Diphl 


hongal Letter 


s. 


Compou 


nd Letters. 




^E 


(E *e ( 


:b 


& ffi 


fl ffl 



Double Letters. 

aa ee oo bb ff gg 11 rr ss tt zz. 



* This character represents the Latin word et, and. 



13 



14 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



<r J / u v <w cc <u % eft 






15 



a ft c d e f Iti 3 It \ m n p ij 



ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO 

PQRSTUVWXYZ 

abcdefghij klmnopqrs 

tuvwxyz& 



THE LORD'S PRAYER IN OLD ENGLISH. 

©ur jFatfjer Wi§ art itt l)*afon, ^allofortr it ±tp nam*. ®f)2 
ktng&om xome. ®!)2 XxiiII S* iyorte in *artlj as it (5 fir fjcafon. (Dcifa 
us ti)is fra^ our Iratlp inair. Enir forcjifo us our trespasses, as foe 
forgive tf)em tfoat trespass against us. Enb" Ieall us not into 
temptation, iut btlihtx us from thil: for ifjine is ifie kingfcom, anir 
tt« pofoer, anly ttj« jjlors, former an& eber. &meu. 



ON THE ALPHABET. 



The letters of the alphabet are of two kinds, 
vowels and consonants. 

Vowels (voices) are so called from the Latin vox, 
a voice, because they are sounded without the aid 
of other letters. 

Consonants are so called from the Latin cum, 
with, and sonare, to sound, because they can only 
be sounded with the aid of the vowels. Cum, as a 
prefix, is often changed to com, con, col, &c. 



16 the people's spelling-book of 

THE VOWELS. 

a e i o u 

Of these 

a e o 

are pure or simple ; because the sound of each can, 
without changing the position of the organs, be pro- 
longed ; and the two 

i u 
are impure or mixed; because the sound of each 
comprises two sounds : thus, the sound of i begins 
with that of a as heard in ah, and ends with that 
of e as heard in me; (in French, a'i ; English, eye;) 
and the sound of u begins with that of e as heard 
in me, and ends with that of oo as heard in room; 
(in French, 'iou; English, you.) 



THE CONSONANTS. 

bcdfghjhlmnp q r s t 

v w x y z 

Of these the two 

w y 

are frequently vowels ; because, in the middle or at 
the end of a word, w has the force of u ; and y, in 
the same situation, has the force of e or i. 

A letter is initial when it begins a word or syl- 
lable, and terminal or final when it ends one. 

INITIAL CONSONANT TOWELS. 

eon 

The letter e, when initial, in combination with long 
u or w, has the force of initial y : o, in the words 
one, oneness, one-eyed, once, has the force of initial w. 
Long initial u has, in all cases, the force of initial y. 
Hence we say, a use, a unit, a unicorn, 
one, a ewe, a ewer, a eulogy, a European, &c. 



COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 17 



radical $t&Bn&. 



SECTION I. 

No. 1. 

On a slate, or on paper, the pupil may be taught 
to draw the vowels thus : — 

A E 1 1 O U 

a e i o u 

Or a line of each may be drawn, in succession, till 

they become perfectly familiar, which is highly 

essential. 

No. 2. 
A horizontal line, placed over a vowel, denotes its 
natural long or alphabetic sound : thus, a, as in name. 



R ALPHABETIC 


SOUNDS OP 


THE 'S 


a e 


i 





U 


ba be 


bi 


bo 


bu 


da de 


di 


do 


du 


fa fe 


fi 


fo 


fu 


la le 


li 


lo 


lu 



No. 3. 
The natural short or susceptive sound of a vowel 
is denoted by a curve line : thus, a, as in mat. 

NATURAL SHORT SOUNDS OP THE VOWELS. 

del 6 u 

ab eb ib ob ub 

ac ec ic oc uc 

ad ed id od ud 

af ef if of uf 
__ - — 



18 THE 


people's spelling-book of 




No. 4. 




IS 


* IT AT 


ON 


is 


it at 


on 


Is it? It 


is. At it. On it. Is it at it ? 


It is at it. 


Is it on it ? ] 


t is on it. 


No 5. 


Before a consonant, or vowel 


having the sound of 


a consonant, to 


is pronounced exceedingly short, like 


tu in tut! as to be, to go. 




TO 


BE HE 


GO UP 


to 


be he 


go up 


To be up. 


Is it to be? 


Is he to go on ? 


To go up. 


It is to be. 


He is to go on. 


Is he up? 


Is it to go ? 


Is he to go up? 


He is up. 


It is to go. 


He is to go up. 


No. 6. 


Before a vowel sound, to is pronounced like too, 


two, or the French tout : as, to it, 


to us, to eat 


DOt 


EAT SO 


US WE 


do 


eat so 


us we 


To eat. 


To go to it. 


To go to eat. 


To us. 


To do to it. 


To be to eat. 


To it. 


To be to it. 


To eat it so. 


To eat it. 


To be to us. 


To eat it up. 


To eat so. 


To do to us. 


Is it to eat ? 


To eat up. 


To do to eat. 


It is to eat. 


Is it to be to eat ? Is he to go to eat ? 


It is to be to eat. He 


\ is to go to eat. 


* s like z. "f Do is pronounced doo 


like the French d'ou. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 19 



No. 7. 

A 

A is placed before a word beginning with a conso- 
nant or consonant vowel. 

CAT DOG PIG USE OF* 

cat dog pig use of 

A cat. A dog. A pig. A use. Of use. 

Is it a cat ? Is it a dog ? Is it a pig ? 
It is a cat. It is a dog. It is a pig. 

Is a cat of use ? A cat is of use. 

Is a dog of use ? A dog is of use. 

Is a pig of use ? A pig is of use. 



No. 8. 
Because A does not sound well before a vowel, 
we use 

AN 

ANT APE ASS INN 

ant ape ass inn 

An ant. An ape. An ass. An inn. 

An ant on an ape. To be at an inn. 

An ape is an ape. To go to an inn. 

An ass is an ass. To eat at an inn. 

To go on an ass to eat at an inn. 
An ape at an inn on an ass. 
To be of use at an inn. 
Is a dog of use at an inn ? 
A dog is of use at an inn. 

* Of is pronounced ov. 



20 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 9. 

TH 

The union of two letters producing but one sound 
is called a digraph. 

The digraph th has two sounds, — the one vocal; 
that is, accompanied by the sound of the voice, — 
the other aspirate; that is, breathed, without the 
sound of the voice. 

Both sounds are formed by placing the point of 
the tongue between the teeth and pressing it against 
the upper ones. The pressure, however, is slight in 
producing the aspirate th, as in think, but is much 
stronger in producing the vocal th, as in this. 

Aspirate th. Vocal th. 

thank path this thee 

think moth that thy 



I BY MY FLY NOT IN 

i by my fly not in 

Is this a moth? Is this my path ? 

That is a moth. That is thy path. 

Is this a path ? Is that thy path ? 

That is a path. This is my path. 

Is it by this path I go to that inn ? 

It is by that path. I thank thee. 

Is that a dog in my path to that inn ? 

It is not a dog; it is an ape. 
Is this a fly ? I think it is a fly. 

Is it not a moth ? I do not think it is. 
Is this thy dog ? That is my dog. 

Is that my cat ? It is thy cat. 

Is not that thy pig ? I think it is. 
Is thy dog of use ? My dog is of use. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 21 



No. 10. 

THE 

This has two sounds. 

Thu, very short before the sound of a consonant. 

The, like thee before a vowel sound. 

The* cat. The dog. The pig. The use. 
The ant. The ape. The ass. The inn. 

The short and most frequent sound of the is like 
the word thus deprived of the sound of s. 

As a word, to distinguish it from thee, it should 
always be called thu, thus : — 

Teachee. — Spell thu. 

Scholar. — thu', t, h, e. 

Teacher. — Spell thee. 

Scholar. — thee, t, h, ee, (double e.) 



OX PEN INK LOT 

ox pen ink lot 

Is the ox in the lot ? The ox is in the lot. 

Is the pen in the ink ? The pen is in the ink. 

Is the ink in the pen ? The ink is in the pen. 

Is the ass at the inn ? The ass is at the inn. 

Is the dog at the ox ? The dog is at the ox. 

Is the fly on the ape ? The fly is on the ape. 

Is the ant on the pig ? The ant is on the pig. 

Is the dog in the inn ? The dog is in the inn. 

Is the inn on the lot ? The inn is on the lot. 



Great care should be taken to confirm the pupil 
in the habit of clearly distinguishing the two sounds 
of to and of the. 



e is pronounced as in the French words je, me, le, &c. 



22 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 11. 

The aggregate noun number, as a nominative, 
requires its accompanying verb to be always in the 
singular : hence we say there is a number of persons. 

In addition we are continually forming an aggre- 
gate, which, at each successive increment, is the 
amount or total number arrived at : hence we say, 
grammatically,* one and one is two, and one is 
three, &c. ; three times one is three ; five times six 
is thirty. 

AND 

The d of this word is, in good speaking, always 
heard; and, in the same phrase, before an open 
vowel sound, appears to propel that sound, as though 
it were initial: thus, we read lines and angles as 
though written lines an — dangles ; also, before initial 
y, w, or any of the liquid consonants I, m, n, r: 
thus, we read noon and night, wood and water, as 
though written noon an — dnight, wood an — dwater. 

Inattention to this leads to very inelegant and 
often ludicrous enunciation: thus, instead of mor- 
ning an — devening ; wood an — dwater, &c, we often 
hear morning in evening ; wooden water, &c. 

ONE TWO THREE FOUR 

one two three four 

One and one is two. One and two is three. 

Two and one is three. One and three is four. 

Three and one is four. Two and two is four. 

Ant and ape. Pen a nd in k. 

Ox and ass. Dog and inn. 

Thy dog and my cat. My dog a nd th y cat. 



* See Home Tooke's justly-celebrated " Diversions of Purley." 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



23 



No. 12. 
In an affirmative or interrogative phrase the 
adverb AS precedes AS- 

THOU ART AM GOOD 

thou art am good 

He is as good as I. Iamcw good as he. 

Thou art as good as I. I am as good as thou. 

The dog is as good as the cat. 
The cat is as good as the dog. 



No. 13. 

In a negative phrase the adverb SO precedes 



AS. 



RICH WISE NEITHER NOR 

rich wise neither nor 



SHE TALL HER AUNT 

she tall her aunt 

I am not so rich as he. 

He is not so tall as I. 

Thou art not so wise as she. 

I am not so rich as thou. 

Her aunt is not so tall as she. 

I am neither so rich nor so wise as thou. 

Thou art neither so rich nor so wise as he. 

She is neither so wise nor so tall as her aunt. 

Is not the ape as wise as the cat ? 

The ape is as wise as the cat. 

Is not the cat as wise as the dog ? 

The cat is not so wise as the dog. 



24 



THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



SECTION II. 
DISQUISITION OF SOUNDS. 



No. 14. 
THE ITALIAN A. 
This sound, which is simply that of a in hat, or 
ha, ha, ha, as in laughter, is perverted by lexico- 
graphers, and the learned and the unlearned of 
whole sections of community: thus, instead of fast, 
last, past, we hear in Pennsylvania faist, laist, paist; 
in New England, fawst, lawst, pawst; and even in the 
public communications of persons liberally edu- 



cated, we often 


hear a 


sound 


nearly res 


>emblin 


fest, lest, pest. 










bad cab 


dab 


fag 


gag 


had 


bag can 


dad 


fan 


gap 


ham 


ban cad 


dag 


fat 


gas 


has 


bat cap 


dam 


gad 


gat 


hat 



No. 15. 

THE FRENCH OR GERMAN A. 

This is the a in fa ther, art, bar, car, &c. 

are* jar char* dark bard barm 

bar mar barb hark card farm 

car par garb mark hard harm 

far tar barn park lard harp 



ash 
ask 
asp 
axe 



No. 16. 

Italian A. French or German A. 

abb cast cark mart spar 

add fast carp part spark 

act last cart tart darn 

aft past dart scar yarn 



* The word are is pronounced like the letter r; ch like tsh. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



25 



No. 17. 
The French do not accentuate their syllables ; yet 
they use three marks, called accents, to distinguish 
words and qualify and lengthen the sounds of 
letters : thus, the acute accent ( ' ), the grave ( x ), the 
circumflex Q. The last ( A ) only lengthens a vowel. 
The French acute 4 is like the English alphabetic a. 
" grave e is like ai in air. 

" circumflex e is like & grave, only longer. 



LONG SOUNDS OF A. 

A has four long sounds, viz. : — 

1. In name, the alphabetic sound, (French e\) 

2. In care, a is like ai in air, (French h.) 

3. In charm, like a in ah ! or the French Id che. 

4. In fall, like aw in law, (French o in vi o*le.) 



or French e\ 


ai or French S. 


French a. 


au or aw. 


bake 


care 


star 


fall 


bane 


dare 


farce 


tall 


cage 


mare 


parse 


talk 


cake 


rare 


march 


walk 


cape 


flare 


parch 


stall 


cave 


scare 


starch 


stalk 


dale 


snare 


barge 


small 


dace 


spare 


large 


squall 



The French words pere, mire are pronounced ex- 
actly like the English pare, mare. The French e 
in de is exactly like English a in day: yet these 
sounds are, in our best dictionaries, confounded with 
each other. 

There is no perfect representative of the sound of 
a in fall, either in French or German. That of o in 
the French vi o le is a near approximation. 

* English o in of prolonged. 



26 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OP 



No. 18. 
LONG SOUNDS OF I. 
I has three long sounds : — 

1. The alphabetic, as in high, (French at; English 
eye.) 

2. The long slender, as in fine. This is like the 
French ei in so-leil, German ei in fein, or English ei in 
sleight. 

3. The French i, like English ee, as in pique. 



French a'i. 


German ei. 


French i like ee. 


high 


dive 


dine 


pine 


ca price 


nigh 


drive 


fine 


shine 


ma nne 


sigh 


five 


line 


spine 


po lice 


thigh 


hive 


mine 


wine 


ra vine 




No. 19. 








LO* 


IG SOUNDS 


OF O. 





O has three long sounds : — 

1. The alphabetic, as in go, (French 6.) 

2. The sound of oo, as in do, (Latin and Spanish u.) 

3. The sound of oa, as in ore, (oar.) 



o, (French o). 

bone 
cone 
hone 
lone 
note 
tone 
stone 



oo, (French ou). 

lose 

move 

prove 

tomb 

who 

whose 

whom 



core 

gore 

lore 

more 

score 

snore 

store 



Our lexicographers make no distinction between 
the sound of i in five and fine, or that of o in cone 
and core. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



27 



No. 20. 

LONG SOUNDS OF E. 

E has three long sounds : — 

1. The alphabetic sound, as in he, (French i.) 

2. Like alphabetic a, as in thiy, (French e.) 

3. Like the ai of air, as in where, (French L) 



ea, ee, like e. 

be, to exist 
bee, an insect 
beat, to strike 
beet, a root 
sea, the ocean 
see, to perceive 



ay> e y* ea > like a. 

day, period of time 
dey, Turkish ruler 
grate, frame of bars 
great, large 
brake, a plant, a lever 
break, to fracture 



£, a, ea, ei, ai, like ai in air, (French e.) 



there, that place 
their, of them 
air, atmosphere 
heir, inheritor 
bear, a wild beast 
bear, to carry 
bare, naked 
pare, to peel 
pair, a couple 
pear, a fruit 



tear, to rend 
tare, a weed 
wear, use ; to use 
ware, merchandise 
fare, food ; to feed 
fair, handsome 
hair, a filament 
hare, an animal 
stare^ to gaze 
stair, a step 



Like the above we pronounce ne'er, the contrac- 
tion of never, ere, before, and e'er, ever. Rear, 
slightly cooked, is by some pronounced rare; by 
others reer. The latter is most in accordance with 
the spelling. 

As the sound of a in care is, in the dictionaries, 
confounded with that of a in fate, the sound of e in 
where, there, &c, being the same, is also confounded 
with that sound. 



28 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 21. 

LONG SOUNDS OF U. 

U has two long sounds : — 

1. The alphabetic sound, as in tube, (French iou. 

2. That of oo, as in rule, (French ou.) 



u, (French 


iou). 


u, like oo, 


(French ou.) 


cue 


fuse 


crude 


rue 


cube 


lute 


flute 


rude 


cure 


mule 


fruit 


rule 


duke 


muse 


glue 


sure 


dupe 


mute 


June 


true 


dure 


tube 


juice 


truth 


fume 


tune 


prune 


sluice 



No. 22. 

BROAD SOUND OF 0. 
Like a in all, though shorter. 



broth 

cloth 

cord 

cork 

corn 

cost 

cross 

dross 

croft 

or bit 
or der 
bor der 
cor ner 
dor mer 



ford 

force 

form 

fort 

forge 

forth ' 

fosse 

frost 

froth 

for ger 
for mal 
for mer 
gor gon 
hor ner 



loss 

ross 

toss 

gloss 

lost 

moss 

horn 

horse 

lord 



mort 

port 

tort 

torn 

pork 

sort 

soft 

short 

sport 



hor ned 
hor net 
mor bid 
mor tal 
mor sel 



porch 

torch 

scorn 

shorn 

gorse 

morse 

north 

scorch 

gorge 

mor tar 
nor mal 
sor did 
tor pid 
tor por 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 29 




No. 23. 






DEEPEST SOUND OF A. 




I 


Like o. 




wad 


wasp swap 


quash 


was 


wast squab 


quart 


wan 


watch squad 


dwarf 


wash 


swab squat 


squash 


want 


swan swash 


swamp 


No. 24. 




o and double o like short u. 


done 


come monk 


bomb* 


dove 


front month 


rhomb 


love 


glove shove 


sponge 


blood 


flood doth 


tongue 


No. 25. 


0, u 


, and ou like short double o. 


good 


wolf put 


could* 


food 


bush soot 


should 


hood 


bull puss 


couldst 


wool 


full push 


wouldst 


stood 


pull would 


shouldst 


A syllable 


is that which contains 


at least one 


vowel sound, 


and is expressed by one i 


mpulse of the 


voice. 






"Words of 


one syllable are called monosyllables. 


Words of two syllables, dissyllables. 




"Words of three syllables, trisyllables. 




Words of 


more than three syllables, 


polysyllables. 


* b silent in 


bomb, heard in rhomb : I silem 


> in could) &c. 



3* 



30 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 26. 

ACCENT. 

One of the syllables, in every English word con- 
sisting of two or more, is distinguished by a stress 
called accent. This is designated by placing the 
acute accent after it : thus, syV la ble, in which the 
accent is on syl. 

In the following words a in the last syllable is 
like u. 

The accent is on the first syllable, in which each 
vowel has its alphabetic sound. 



dl'al 


fa' tal 


re' gal 


to' tal 


vi al 


na sal 


le gal 


o pal 


vi tal 


na tal 


pe nal 


fo cal 


tri al 


na val 


ve nal 


lo cal 


tri nal 


pa pal 


o val 


du cal 


spi ral 


re al 


voxal 


mu ral 



No. 27. 
In the first syllable the vowel is short. In the 
last syllable a has nearly the sound of i: thus, 
cab' bage is pronounced cab' bidge. 



a' dage 
da mage 
fo rage 
ho mage 
ma nage 
ra vage 
sa vage 
vi sage 
bo rage 



car tage 



bag 7 gage 
ban dage 
bos sage 
bos cage 
crib bage 
dun nage 
pot tage 
sel vage 
cot tage 
sal vage 
ton nage 



cab' bage 
vil lage 
vin tage 
wef tage 
spi nage 
suf frage 
stop page 
scrip page 
nl lage 
urn brage 
weigh age 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 31 

No. 28. 
In the following words unaccented a is like e. 

ce' rate fur'naee pre' face 

cli mate sur face se nate 

cu rate pin nace le gate 

pi rate so lace fri gate 

pri vate pa lace pre late 



No. 29. 
The following words are accented on the first 
syllable, in which i has its alphabetic sound, 
(French ai.) 



br as T lex spi' der tri' une 

bi fid li ar pli ers tri bune 

bi fold li bel pli ant tri form 

bri er li lac cli ent fi brous 

bi son pi ca si phon cli max 

cri er pi ous ti ger live \y 

cri sis ri ser ti gress sti pend 

di et ri ot tri ad thri ver 

fli er si ren stri ver pri mate 

fri ar mi ca tri er tri brach 

fi nite mi ser tri fid tri umph 

gi ant pri er tri gon tri glyph 

hi ver pri zer tri pod dia mond 



No. 30. 

lis like u. 

sir dirk flirt first birch 

stir bird spirt shirt third 

dirt birth squirt dirge thirst 



32 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 31. 
i is like e in merge, 

chirp gird girl stirk twirl 
fir girt kirk mirth whirl 

firm girth quirk smirk squirm 



No. 32. 

IRREGULAR SOUNDS OF U. 

bu' sy pronounced biz' zy 

bu' si ness " biz z'n ness 

bu' ry " ber' ry 

bu' ri al " ber' ri al 



o like double o in good. 
bo' som wol' fish wo' #nan wol' sey 



No. 33. 

French i like ee. 

clique bra zil' fas cine' rou tine' 

pique ca cique fa tigue o blique 

an tique' cri tique in trigue sa lique 



No. 34. 
e, in the first syllable, like short i. 

de scant' de serf de spatch' de spoil' 

de scribe de serve de spise de spond 
de scry de spair de spite de stroy 

de scan' ting de ser' ting de spi' sing 

de scri bing de ser ving de spon ding 

de scry ing de spai ring de spoi ling 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE 


ENGLISH. 33 




No. 35. 




e in the first syllable 


ike short u. 


ber 7 tram 


her' by 


ser / pent 


cer tain 


herd man 


sher bet 


cler gy 


jer sey 


smer ky 


der vis 


jer kin 


ter tian 


er mine 


jer vin 


ther mal* 


fer ment 


ker chief 


ver bal 


fer tile 


ker nel 


ver dant 


fer vent 


ker sey 


ver diet 


fer vid 


mer cer 


ver dure 


ger man 


mer cy 


ver juice 


ger min 


mer lin 


ver mil 


her mit 


mer sion 


ver min 


ner vy 


per mit 


ver nal 


ner vous 


per son 


ver sant 


per due 


ser mon 


ver sion 


per j ure 


mer chant ver tex 




No. 36. 




NATURAL SOUND OF 00, 


(FRENCH OU.) 


book fool 


soon 


moon hoop 


boom tool 


poor 


moor loose 


boon coot 


took 


noose stoop 


boor rood 


root 


goose soup 


boot rook 


hook 


spoon moose 


cook look 


doom 


crook groom 


cool loop 


loom 


brook group 


coom nook 


room 


brood groove 


coop noon 


mood 


broom choosef 


* tk aspirate. 




f s like z. 

1 I 



34 THE people's spelling-book of 




No. 37. 


ea like " 
ear neap 


ong e, (French t) 


teal clean teach 


eat sear 


beast creak glean 


pea seat 


feast bleak speak 


tea veal 


tease blear spear 


bead meal 


treat bleat wheat 


beak weal 


leash freak fleam 


deal zeal 


least tweak gleam 


dean year 


leave cream steam 


east wean 


cease heath feaze 


ease heap 


lease heave wreak 


fear heat 


clear sheaf streak 


near lead 


cheap sneak stream 


neat beam 


cheat weave shears 




No 38. 


dear, costly 




heal, to cure 


deer, an animal 




heel, of the foot 


feat, an exploit 




peace, quiet 


feet, plural of foot 




piece, part 


flea, an insect 




peal, loud noise 


flee, to run away 




peel, rind 


leak, to run out 




peak, summit 


leek, a plant 




peek, to peep 


lean, poor in flesh 




team, span of horses, &c. 


lien, legal claim 




teem, to abound 


mead, a itfeadow 




tear, eye-drop 


meed, a reward 




tier, a range 


meat, food 




weak, feeble 


meet, proper 




week, seven days 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



35 



No. 39. 
The digraph C H has three sounds : — 



sh, as in 


French. 


chaise 


inch 


belch 


finch 


filch 


pinch 


milch 


winch 


bench 


flinch 



tsh, as in Spanish. 

chap char 

chat chess 

chin chick 

chip chill 

chop chub 



k, derived from Greek. 

Christ choir 

chasm chyme 

chord chrome 

chyle scheme 

conch school 



The general sound is tsh, as in Spanish. 



chaw 

chew 

chit 

chum 

chime 

chine 

choke 

chose 

chalk 



check 

chest 

chick 

chink 

chuck 

chide 

child 

chives 

chaps 



cheap 

cheat 

cheek 

cheer 

cheese 

chief 

chair 

chinse 

chintz 



arch 

larch 

parch 

march 

starch 

lurch 

catch 
hatch 
latch 
patch 
botch 

chaf fer 
chat ter 
chat tels 



each 

teach 

reach 

leech 

breach 

preach 

match 

batch 

thatch 



chafe 

chape 

chase 

chaste 

chain 

chaff 

chark 

chard 

chart 

broach 

coach 

poach 

roach 

porch 

torch 

fetch 

ketch 

vetch 



scratch wretch 
crotch notch 

chan nel 
chan eel 
chap ter 



chuff 

chump 

churl 

churn 

church 

champ 

choose 

choice 

chouse 

much 

such 

touch 

perch 

birch 

search 

itch 

flitch 

ditch 

witch 

scotch 



char ger 
char ter 
char mer 



36 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 40. 
Ol OY OU OW 

The union of two vowels which are both heard in 
one syllable is called a diphthong, (dif thong;) as oi in oil. 

Oi or oy is compounded of o, as in of, and e, 
(French bi.) 

Ou or ow of the same o, and oo as in poor, (French 
bou.) 



oil 

boil 

coil 

coin 

join 

foil 

soil 

toil 

boy 

coy 

foy 

j°y 

soy 
toy 
troy 
hoy 



out 

oust 

bout 

gout 

lout 

loud 

pout 

sour 

noun 

couch 

pouch 

vouch 

bound 

found 

pound 

round 



spout 

stout 

trout 

grout 

doubt 

count 

fount 

hound 

sound 

mount 

mouth 

south 

house 

douse 



souse 
mouse 



bow, to bend 
bough, a branch 
fowl, a bird 
foul, dirty 
brows, arches over 

eyes 
browse, to eat twigs 



the 



cow 

sow 

vow 

owl 

cowl 

howl 

brow 

brown 

down 

drown 

crown 

clown 

frown 

growl 

prowl 

scowl 



prow 

crowd 

browse 

gown 

town 

rouse* 

spouse* 

grouse 

mound 

ground 

crouch 

proud 

pounce 

sprout 

drouth 

bounce 



our, belonging to us 
hour, portion of time 
rout, a rabble 
route, direction of travel 
flour, meal (farina of 

wheat) 
flower, to blossom 



* s like z. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



3T 



No. 41 

GH 

"When gh is initial, 
ghaut ghast ly 

ghost gher kin 

ghoul ghostly 



h is dropped. 

ghast ful ly 
ghast li ness 
ghost li ness 



When intermediary, it is usually silent. 



German ei. 

blight might 

bright night 

flight plight 

fright tight 



bought 
fought 
nought 
sought 



caught 
brought 
fraught 
wrought 



The followiDg are anomalous :- 



cough (cof) 
trough (trof) 
dough (doe) 

hough (hoc) 
lough (loc) 
shough (shoe) 



rough (ruf ) 
tough (tuf ) 
though (tho : th vocal) 

through (throo) 
slough (slou, mire) 
slough (sluf, cast skin) 



•No. 42. 

THE INITIAL DIGRAPH WH. 
With the front teeth slightly apart, pronounce oo. 
This, with a sudden expulsion of breath, as in blow- 
ing out a light, gives the sound of Who $ In pro- 
nouncing what? which? &c. there is a sudden 
retraction of the lips from the pouting position to 
that in which we say a. 

what? when? whence? where? which? 

why ? whose ? while whim whip 

wheat whet whey white whole 

whom? whirl whoop whack whale 



38 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 43. 

SOUNDS OF A. 
a a e a, aw o e 

bat bay bare bar ball wash q[uay(key) 

u I e French e (le) 

fi rial cab bage pa lace pa la tal 



SOUNDS OF E. 
e e e 6 o u 

net here there dey sew fer tile 

i a French e (le) 

de spair en core li be ral 



SOUNDS OF I. 
I I German ei e u Fr. i, Eng. ee 

bit nigh bite chirp sir pique 

e French e (le) 

in di go di li gent 



SOUNDS OF O. 
o o oa aw u oo 

cot cone core cross come move 

i French e (le) 

wo men pil lo ry 



SOUNDS OF U. 
u u oo oo i e 

cub cube rule bush bu sy bu ry 

French e (le) 

pre ju dice 



SECTION III. 

DEFINITIONS, PARTS OF SPEECH, 

PUNCTUATION, ETC. 



No. 44. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Orthography. — Correct spelling. 

Orthoepy. — Correct pronunciation. 

Diction. — Style ; manner ; choice of language. 

Dictation. — Whatever is spoken for another to 
write or do. 

Elocution. — Elegance in speaking or in composi- 
tion. 

Versification. — Susceptibility or power of poe- 
tical diction. 

Accent. — Stress on a syllable. 

Emphasis. — Stress on a word or part of a sentence. 

Tone. — Sound of the voice ; manner, pitch, key. 

Modulation. — Regulation or variation of sound. 

Inflection. — Rise and fall of the voice. 

Cadence. — Terminal fall of the tone. 

Pause. — Rest between the parts of a sentence. 

Phrase. — Any distinct expression. 

Clause. — Part of a discourse containing a stipula- 
tion or speciality. 

Sentence. — Combination of words forming a state- 
ment in which the sense is complete. 

Section. — Any part or division ; part of a book or 
writing which embodies a branch of the subject. 

Chapter. — Division of a book for convenient lec- 
ture. 

t Stanza, or Strophe. — A. set of concordant poetic 
lines. 

Distich, or Couplet. — Two poetic lines. 

Verse. — A measured line in poetry ; a stanza. 

Poetry. — Metrical composition. 

Antistrophe. — A stanza pu,t in contrast with 
another. 



40 THE people's spelling-book of 



Ellipsis. — An abbreviation made by omitting 
something for the sake of euphony, metre, concise- 
ness, or elegance of diction. 

Punctuation. — Division of written language by 
points. 



No. 10. 

POINTS AND MARKS. 



? Comma. 
5 Semicolon. 
: Colon. 
. Period. 
? Interrogation. 
! Exclamation. 
— Dash. 
u n Quotation. 
( ) Parentheses. 
§ Section. 



•|f Paragraph. 
gp" Index. 
[ ] Brackets or Crotchets. 
* Asterisk. 
•• Diaeresis. 
- Hyphen, Macron. 

Breve. 
' Accent. 
9 Apostrophe. 
A Caret. 

The points and marks used in composition assist 
the writer in the expression, and the reader in the 
comprehension of its meaning. In vocal reading, as 
they denote pauses or rests, they afford time for re- 
spiration, as well as for that modulation and compass 
of voice which are indispensable in order to impress 
the subject with force and clearness upon the mind 
of the hearer. 

The point in most frequent use is the comma. 

This is placed between words and phrases which, 
though intimately connected in sense, have separate 
relations, and therefore, as distinct parts of a sentence, 
require that we should distinguish them by a pause. 
The following is an example, (Luke xviii. 29, 30 :) 

" And he said unto them, Verily, I say unto you, 
There is no man that hath left house, or parents, or 
brethren, or wife, or children, for the kingdom of 
God's sake, 

" Who shall not receive manifold more in this pre- 
sent time, and in the world to come life everlasting." 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 41 



Next to the comma is the semicolon. 

This is used like the comma, except that it denotes 
a longer pause, and is placed between phrases less 
dependent on each . other. It is also sometimes 
used where the sense would be complete, as in the 
following example, (2d Epistle of Peter i. 5, 6, 7 :) 

"And, besides this, giving all diligence, add to 
your faith, virtue ; and to virtue, knowledge ; 

" And to knowledge, temperance ; and to tempe- 
rance, patience ; and to patience, godliness ; 

"And to godliness, brotherly kindness ; and to bro- 
therly kindness, charity." 

The point next in order is the colon. This is used 
where the parts are still less connected, but not en- 
tirely independent. It is often used where the sense 
is complete ; and where, but for a supplementary 
clause, a period would be required. The following 
are examples, (John xv. 4, 5 :) 

"As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself except 
it abide in thervine ; no more can ye, except ye abide 
in me. 

"I am the vine ; ye are the branches :" He that 
abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth 
much fruit : for without me ye can do nothing." 

The final point — that which closes every distinct 
and independent sentence — is the period, (Prov. xxix. 
14, 15, 16, 17, 20 :) 

" The king that faithfully judgeth the poor, his 
throne shall be established forever. 

"The rod and reproof give wisdom: but a child 
left to himself bringeth his mother to shame. 

" "When the wicked are multiplied, transgression 
increaseth : but the righteous shall see their fall. 

" Correct thy son, and he shall give thee rest ; 
yea, he shall give delight unto thy soul." 

" Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words ? 
there is more hope of a fool than of him." 

-- 



42 THE people's spelling-book of 

Note of Interrogation. This is a mark placed at the 
end of a phrase which is a question : as, " He that 
formed the eye, shall he not see ?" 

Note of Exclamation. — This mark is used at the 
end of a phrase expressive of sudden emotion or 
deep feeling: as, " How are the mighty fallen!" 

Dash. — This is used in the line to signify inter- 
ruption or change of subject: also, to heighten sar- 
casm, as 

" Artist, attend — your brushes and your paint — 
Produce them — take a chair — now draw a saint. 
Oh, sorrowful and sad ! the streaming tears 
Channel her cheeks — a Niobe appears ! 
Is this a saint ? Throw tints and all away — 
True piety is cheerful as the day ; 
Will weep indeed and heave a pitying groan 
For other's woes, but smiles upon her own." 

Cowper. 

Under the line it is used to render conspicuous 
some word or phrase, or to make it the subject of 
contemplation : as, 

" Blessed is the man whose God is the Lord." 

Quotation. — Any expression or passage cited from 
the language of an author. Thus, Byron says, — 

" Not heaven itself upon the past has power." 
Oh, let us then improve the passing hour ! 

Parenthesis. — A collateral clause included in a 
sentence, which, without destroying the sense, might 
be omitted ; also the curved lines which embrace it : 
as, 

" Wisdom and virtue are soon extinguished by 
vicious habits, and even good ones (if any are left) 
are thrust out toTnake way for those which are no 
sooner admitted than they begin to increase and 
multiply." 

" To others do (the law is not severe) 
What to thyself thou wishest to be done." 

Beattie. 



43 

If The Paragraph, which, is chiefly used in the 
Bible, denotes the beginning of a new subject. The 
parts of a discourse, called paragraphs, are distin- 
guished by beginning on a new line, and having the 
initial letter advanced into the page. 

[ ] Brackets, or Crotchets, enclose some explanation 
or distinct remark; consequently, they are much 
used in dictionaries : as, 

"Brace, n. [French, bras; Spanish, brazo, the arm.] 
A crooked line connecting two or more words or 

[*] The Asterisk, [f] the Obelisk, [J] the Double 
Dagger, [||] the Parallel, the letters of the Alphabet, 
and the numerical figures, refer to marginal notes. 

[••] The Dicer esis, placed over the latter of two 
consecutive vowels, shows that they are not in the 
same syllable : as a e ri al. 

[-] The Hyphen connects the parts of a compound 
word: as, school-house. At the end of a line it 
shows that one or more syllables of a word are car- 
ried to the next line. 

["] The Macron is placed over a vowel to denote 
its alphabetic sound : as, brl er. 

[ w ] The Breve 'is placed over a vowel to denote its 
short sound: as, vigour. 

['] The Accent is placed after a syllable to give it 
greater force : as, e 1 ner gy, phi 16' sophy. 

[ ' ] The Apostrophe denotes the possessive case, 
or the elision of one or more letters of a word : as, 
John's mother makes boys' caps, thro' which she is 
enabled to send him to school. 

[A] The Caret shows where something, through 
mistake, has been omitted. 

[ ] or [****] The Ellipsis denotes the omis- 
sion of letters or words : as, K ******** *, for 
Kilmarnock. 



44 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 48. 

THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

The English language is divided into ten parts of 
speech, or sorts of words, which are thus distin- 
guished : — Article, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, parti- 
ciple, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection. 

1. The Article is placed before and limits the noun : 
as, a man, an ox, the horse. 

2. Noun means name : as, George, York, life, star, sky. 

3. The Adjective belongs to the noun or pronoun 
which it describes, limits, or qualifies : thus, a large 
house ; three boys ; a good horse. 

4. The Pronoun stands for the noun, to avoid repe- 
tition : as, Charles improves : he is a good boy ; he 
loves his book. 

5. The Verb signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon : 
as, he lives, he loves, he is loved. 

6. The Participle is derived from the verb, and 
participates the properties of the verb and the ad- 
jective. It is regularly formed by adding ing, d, or 
ed to the verb : as, to love ; present participle, loving; 
past participle, loved; compound participle, having 
loved. 

7. The Adverb is added to the verb, the participle, 
the adjective, or to another adverb, and expresses 
time, place, degree or manner : as, We should always 
prefer duty to pleasure. 

8. The Conjunction connects words and phrases, 
and shows their mutual dependence: as, John and 
James, notwithstanding the unremitted attention of 
their teacher, are but little advanced in their studies ; 
because they are indolent. 

9. The Preposition is placed before a noun or pro- 
noun to which it points or refers : as, In writing, lay 
your book straight before you on the table. 

10. The Interjection expresses strong or sudden 
emotion incited by regret, dislike, grief, joy, surprise, 
contempt, &c. : as, Alas ! how frail is man ! 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



45 



No. 49. 

In monosyllables containing but one short vowel 
sound, final k is preceded by c. When the vowel is 
long, k only is used : as, dak. 

Each of the following words is both noun and verb: 
besides this, some of them are adjectives, some ad- 
verbs, and some both. For example, quick is noun, 
verb, adjective, and adverb. 



back 


duck 


lock 


quick 


stock 


beck 


flock 


mock 


rack 


tack 


black 


kick 


muck 


rock 


tick 


block 


klick 


pack 


ruck 


track 


brick 


knack 


peck 


sack 


trick 


crock 


knock 


pick 


suck 


truck 


deck 


lack 


pluck 


stack 


tuck 


dock 


lick 


quack 


stick 


slack 



No. 50. 
The adverb is analogous to the adjective ; for, as 
this qualifies the noun, so does the adverb qualify 
the verb. Sometimes the same word subserves the 
double purpose of adjective and adverb. Thus, the 
word fast, in the phrase a fast horse, is an adjective : 
in the phrase the ship sails fast, it is an adverb. Most 
adjectives can be transformed to adverbs by the 
addition of ly, or to nouns by the addition of ness. 
This ly is pronounced short, like le, (French li.) 



Adjectives. 

apt 

blind 

bold 

blunt 

brisk 



Adverbs. 

apt' ly* 
blind ly 
bold ly 
blunt ly 
brisk ly 



Nouns. 

apt' ness 
blind ness 
bold ness 
blunt ness 
brisk ness 



y final, when unaccented, is like e. 



46 


THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK 


OP 






No. 51 






The scholar may 


transform the following adjectives 


to adverbs and nouns, as in 


the preceding article, 


both orally and in writing. 


To those 


ending in 11, 


instead of 


ly add y. 








big 


calm 


near 


sharp 


blank 


blue 


cold 


nice 


short 


brief 


coy 


dark 


pale 


smart 


clear 


dim 


dear 


pert 


stiff 


coarse 


dry 


bald 


poor 


stout 


crude 


fat 


dead 


pure 


strict 


dumb 


fit 


deep 


rare 


sweet 


fierce 


fair 


firm 


safe 


stale 


fleet 


flat 


high 


sage 


steep 


frank 


free 


huge 


salt 


stern 


gross 


gay 


just 


soft 


tense 


gruff 


hot 


keen 


sole 


terse 


hard 


low 


kind 


sour 


tough 


harsh 


mad 


lame 


still 


vile 


loose 


new 


lank 


sure 


wild 


plain 


raw 


late 


tame 


warm 


prone 


odd 


lean 


thin 


weak 


quaint 


pat 


lone 


thick 


fresh 


dull 


sly 


mean 


tight 


glad 


right 


wan 


meek 


trim 


great 


rough 


fell 


mild 


trite 


green 


round 


full 


mute 


vain 


queer 


sound 


Each of the following nouns forms two adjectives 


by adding full and less. 






art 


care 


tune 


blame 


faith 


awe 


fear 


cheer 


bliss 


fruit 


j°y 


heed 


mind 


harm 


change 


sin 


hope 


taste 


hurt 


grace 


use 


tear 


trust 


sport 


shame 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



47 



No. 52. 

The last syllable of the Latin nouns ar dor', 
can dor', &c. rhymes with for, and is strongly ac- 
cented. Now, as all Spanish words ending with a 
consonant are accented on the last syllable, many 
of these Latin nouns are transcribed into Spanish 
without alteration. But in French, which has no 
accent, they require, in the last syllable, the sof- 
tening influence of the letter u: thus, ar deur, 
can deur, &c. 

In English also, as the accent is removed to the 
first syllable, they require u in the last, in order to 
accord with the popular pronunciation : thus, ar'dour, 
can' dour, &c; and the omission of it, now so prevalent, 
is unquestionably an outrage upon classical taste. 



ar' bour 
ar dour 
ar mour 
can dour 
cla mour 
co lour 
fa vour 
fer vour 
clan gour 

ar' bo rist 
ar bo rous 
ar mo rer 
cla mo rous 
hu mo rous 
o do rous 
ran co rous 
va lo rous 
jtf go rous 



fla' vour 
har bour 
ho nour 
hu mour 
la bour 
neigh bour* 
o dour 
ran cour 
gla mour 



be la' bour 
de mea nour 
de co lour 
dis co lour 
dis fa vour 
dis ho nour 
en a mour 
en dea vour 
en har bour 



ri' gour 
ru mourf 
splen dour 
sue cour 
va lour 
va pour 
vi gour 
tu mour 
ta bour 

vi our 



Sa' 

sue cou ring 
har bour less 
har bou rer 
har bou ring 
la bou rer 
la bou ring 
neigh bou ring 
neigh bour hood 



* Pronounced no! bour. f u after r is like oo. 



48 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 53. 
In the following nouns the last syllable, though 
unaccented, so nearly retains its true pronunciation 
that the Latin orthography is unchanged. 

ac' tor fra' gor flee' tor X pri' or 

cas tor ful gor flex or j proc tor 

cen sor hor ror iu ror sa por 

doc tor mo tor li quor sec tor 

er ror pas tor ma jor squa lor 

do lor pre tor ml nor spon sor 

fac tor len tor pal lor stu por 

ab due' tor in frac' tor ba' che lor 

ag gres sor in struc tor chan eel lor 

as ses sor in ven tor con que ror 

cor rec tor le v& tor coun sel lor 

de trac tor man da tor ere di tor 

dl la tor mer ca tor e di tor 

di rec tor nar ra tor ge ni tor 

di vl sor ob jec tor he ri tor 

e lee tor op pres sor ja ni tor 

ex ac tor pre cep tor ju ni or 

in cen sor pre cur sor 6 ra tor 

in cep tor pro fes sor se ni or 

in ci sor pro jec tor se na tor 

in due tor trans la tor vi si tor 



ad mi nis tra' tor in ves' ti ga tor 

de no' mi na tor per am bu la tor 

de po pu la tor pre ci pi ta tor 

e man ci pa tor pre des ti na tor 

ex ter mi na tor pre va ri ca tor 

in si nu a tor pro eras ti na tor 

in ter ro ga tor prog nos ti ca to?* 

in ter po la tor pro pi ti a tor 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



49 



an te' ri or 
pos te ri or 
ci te ri or 
ul te ri or 
ex te ri or 
in te ri or 
su pe ri or 
in fe ri or 
com pe ti tor 
com po si tor 
con spi ra tor 
con tri bu tor 
ex po si tor 
in qui si tor 
pro ge ni tor 
pro pri e tor 

na' vi ga tor 
nu me ra tor 
o pe ra tor 
pe cu la tor 
per fo ra tor 



No. 54. 
a' du la tor 
a ni ma tor 
al li ga tor 
an no ta tor 
cal cu la tor 
com men ta tor 
con se era tor 
con so la tor 
con tern pla tor 
cor ru ga tor 
cul ti va tor 
de mon stra tor 
de pre ca tor 
de pre da tor 
e du ca tor 
e le va tor 



per' pe tra tor 
per so na tor 
per se cu tor 
pro ere a tor 
pro cu ra tor 



ex' ca va tor 
ex cu sa tor 
ex pli ca tor 
fa bri ca tor 
ge ne ra tor 
gla di a tor 
gra du a tor 
in di ca tor 
in sti ga tor 
in sti tu tor 
im mo la tor 
in no va tor 
li be ra tor 
lu bri ca tor 
me di a tor 
mo du la tor 

pro' mul ga tor 
re gu la tor 
re no va tor 
se pa ra tor 
spe cu la tor 



Nouns ending in th aspirate are changed to verbs 
by adding e final, or to participial nouns by adding 
ing, and in both cases th becomes vocal. 

Participial Nouns. 

ba thing (place) 
brea thing (creature) 
clo thing (store) 
shea thing (board) 
tee thing (child) 
swa thing (band) 
wrea thing (vapour) 



Nouns. 


Verbs. 


bath 


bathe 


breath 


breathe 


cloth 


clothe 


sheath 


sheathe 


teeth 


teethe 


swath , 


. swathe 


wreath 


wreathe 



50 



THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 55. 

Except in monosyllables, k final after c is now 
generally discarded, not only as a useless but clumsy 
appendage. 

Some of the following adjectives are also nouns : — 



an' tic 
arc tic 
at tic 
bal tic 
bel gic 
bom bic 



both' nic 
caus tic 
eel tic 
chlo ric 
chro nic, 
ci vie 



clas' sic 
cli nic 
cop tic 
co mic 
co nic 
cos sic 



cri' tic 
cryp tic 
cu bic 
cy nic 
del phic 
do ric 



a ce' tic 


bo ra' cic 


di dac' tic 


a cous tic 


bo ta nic 


dog ma tic 


a cros tic 


bri tan nic 


dy na mic 


a lem bic 


bu co lie 


dy nas tic 


ar thri tic 


ca chec tic 


ec lee tic 


as ce tic 


ca thar tic 


e clip tic 


au then tic 


che ru bic 


en de mic 


bar ba ric 


chro ma tic 


ec sta tic 


ba sal tic 


con cen trie 


ex trin sic 


bom bas tic 


dac ty lie 


fa na tic 


a ca de' mic 


a na If tic 


an ti sep' tic 


an ti the tic 


a pa the tic 


a pho ris tic 


a po plec tic 


as tro lo gic 


a pos to lie 


a ro ma tic 


au to era tic 


a the is tic 


at mos phe ric 


bi qua dra tic 


be a ti fie 


bi o gra phic 


ca co chy mic 


ca ta chres tic 


ca ba lis tic 


ca co pho nic 


de mo era tic 



The following dissyllabic nouns retain final k : — 
ban' nock fet' lock has' sock mat' tock 

bul lock fut tock hem lock pad dock 
cas sock had dock hil lock pin nock 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 51 




No. 56. 




The plural of nouns is formed in various ways : 


tbe most general is by adding s or es to the singular: 


as, book, books; box, boxes, &c. Those 


ending in y 


preceded by 


a vowel take s. Thus, buoy, buoys ; guy, 


guys; key, keys; quay, quays; at tor ney, at tor neys. 


ab' bey 


ab b6ys 


kid' ney 


kid neys 


al ley 


al leys 


lac key 


lac keys j 


chim ney 


chim neys 


mo ney 


mo neys 


co ney 


co neys 


mon key 


mon keys 


co vey 


co veys 


pal frey 


pal freys 


con voy 


con voys 


val ley 


val leys 


gal ley 
When pre 


gal leys 


vol ley 


vol leys 
y is changed 


needed by a consonant, final 


to ies: thus, 


al ly f , al lies'; re ply', re plies 


', &c. 


ar' my* 


or/ mies 


fan' cy 


fan' cies 


ba by 


ba bies 


folly 


fol lies 


ber ry 


ber ries 


fury 


fu ries 


boo by 


boo bies 


gipsy 


gip sies 


bully 


bul lies 


glory 


glo ries 


cher ry 


cherries 


jel ly 


jel lies 


city "■ 


ci ties 


la dy 


la dies 


copy 


co pies 


mum my 


mum mies 


coun ty 


coun ties 


pan try 


pan tries 


cran ny 


cran nies 


par ry 


par ries 


dain ty 


dain ties 


posy 


po sies 


dit ty 


dit ties 


quar ry 


quar ries 


du ty 


du ties 


sal ly 


sal lies 


ed dy 


ed dies 


sto ry 


sto ries 


fai ry 


fai ries 


wher ry 


wher ries 


* y and 


i both like e, (French ».) Final 


s like z. 



52 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. -57. 
Nouns in which ow is like o in go, (French 6.) 



ar' row 
bar row 
bel low 
bil low 
bur row 
el bow 
fal low 
fel low 



fur' row 
liar row 
hoi low 
kil low 
mal low 
mar row 
mea dow 
min now 



moi v row 
nar row 
pil low 
sha dow 
shal low 
sor row 
spar row 
swal low 



tal' low 
wi dow 
wil low 
whit low 
win dow 
wind row 
yar row 
yel low 



To the above, some of which are also verbs, may 
be added the verbs bor row, fol low, hal low, wal low, 
winnow, and the adjectives callow, sallow, mellow, 
kirn bow. 



In the following, ow has its natural sound, (French 


oou.) 










Nouns. 






Verbs. 


bow' er 


pow' er 






a vow' 


cow ard 


prow ess 






al low 


dow er 


prow ler 






en dow 


flow er 


row el 






im brown 


fow ler 


show er 






un cowl 


fow ling 


tow el 






un crown 


grow ler 


tow er 






un gown 


pow der 


vow el 






out frown 


Final unaccented ow is like 


o in go 


. 


Accented ow 


usually natural 


, like < 


m in out. 


In know ledge 


it is like a in all, though shorter. 




SOUNDS OF 


OW. 







cm 


& 




grow 


growl 


kn 


ow ledge 



SOUNDS OF OU. 
ow o aw oo oo u o 

out four ought croup could rough cough i 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 53 

No. 58. 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. — NOMINATIVE. 
Singular. 
1st person. — I, (the speaker.) 
2d person. — Thou, (to whom I speak.) 

3d person.- {she, } ( of whom * s P eak ") 
( It, (of which I speak.) 

Plural. 
1. — We, (who speak.) 

Y ' > ( to whom we speak.) 

<* f They, (persons of whom we speak.) 
They, (things of which we speak.) 

NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 
Singular. 
1. — I go. I do go. I am going. 
2. — Thou goest. Thou dost go. Thou art going. 

{He goes, goeth, does go, doth go, is going. 
She goes, goeth, does go, doth go, is going. 
It goes, goeth, does go, doth go, is going. 
Plural. 
1. — We go. We do go. We are going. 

2.— | y ° u j go, do go, are going. 

3. — They go. They do go. They are going. 

INTERROGATIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY VERBS 
DO AND AM. 

Do I go? Am I going? Dost thou go? Art thou 
going? Does he go? Doth he go? Is he going? Do 
we go ? Are we going ? Do you go ? Are you going? 
Do they go? Are they going ? Does it go ? 



54 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



Before 
a Noun. 

my 

thy 

his 

her 

its 

one's 

our 

your 

their 



ours 

yours 

theirs 



Before a Noun, 
or final. 



No. 59. 

POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Used for 
Emphasis. 

myself 

thyself 

himself 

herself 

itself 



Final, 
independent. 

mine 
thine 
his 
hers 



my own 
thy own 
his own 
her own 
its own 
one's own 
our own 
your own 
their own 



one's self 
ourselves 
yourselves 
themselves 



OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS, 

(After a Verb or Preposition.) 

Me, thee, him, her, it, one, us, you, them. 

He sent me to thee. I gave it to him. 

We gave one to her. You saw them. 

They sent us to you. She came with us. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Nom. — Who, which, what, that. 
Poss. — Whose, whose, (occasional.) 
Obj. — Whom, which, what, that. 



COMPOUND RELATIVES. 

whoso whatever whatsoever 

whoever whosoever whosesoever 

whichever whichsoever whomsoever 



Who, ivhich, and what are also called interrogative 
pronouns, because they are used in asking questions. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



55 



ah ! 

eh! 

oh! 

ho! 

lo! 

la! 

on ! 

hey! 



fie! 

foh! 

off! 

see ! 

hah! 

poh! 

tush! 

tut! 



No. 60. 

INTERJECTIONS, 

pish ! 
pugh! 
heigh ! 
fudge ! 
hail! 
hark! 
hush! 
what! 



hist! 
look! 
mum! 
whoh! 
pshaw ! 
strange ! 
alas ! 
alack ! 



aha! 
huzza ! 
behold ! 
begone ! 
avaunt ! 
heigh-ho ! 
avast ! 
welcome ! 



No. 61. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

Some of the following prepositions are occa- 
sionally adverbs; some are adjectives, and some 
interjections : — 

upon 

near 

about 

nigh 

round 

into 

among 



at 

for 

from 

in 

of 

off 

on 

to 

up 

down 

till 

with 



across 

after 

along 

before 

behind 

during 

above 

below 

over 

under 

beneath 

amid ) 

amidst J 



athwart 

toward 

towards 

within 

without 

out of 



amongst j 
against 
around 
beside ) 
besides j 
beyond 



except 1 
excepting J 
throughout 
underneath 
through 
between ) 
betwixt j 



Amongst the interjections the scholar will also 
easily find nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and 
prepositions. 



56 


THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK OF 




No. 62. 


THE PARTICIPLE. 


The Parti'eiple has three forms: — present, as 


working ; 


perfect, as worked; and compound, as having 


worked. ' 


The present always ends in ing. 


Thougt 


id or ed is the termination of the past par- 


ticiple of 


every regular verb, many verbs form their 


past participle very differently, and are, hence, called 




IRREGULAR VERBS. 


Present. 


(Th 


e Preterit and Perfect Participle unlike.) 




Preterit. 


Present Participle. 


Perfect Participle. 


be ^ 




was 


being 


been 


begin 




began 


beginning 


begun 


blow- 




blew 


blowing 


blown 


break 




broke 


breaking 


broken 


choose 




chose 


choosing 


chosen 


come 




came 


coming 


come 


do 




did 


doing 


done 


draw 




drew 


drawing 


drawn 


drive 




drove 


driving 


driven 


eat 




ate 


eating 


eaten 


fall 




fell 


falling 


fallen 


% 




flew 


flying ^ 


flown 


forsake 


forsook 


forsaking 


forsaken 


freeze 




froze 


freezing 


frozen 


give 




gave 


giving 


given 


go 




went 


going 


gone 


grow 




grew 


growing 


grown 


know 




knew 


knowing 


known 


lie 




lay 


lying 


lain 


rise 




rose 


rising 


risen 


run 




ran 


running 


run 


see 




saw 


seeing 


seen 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



57 



and 

as 

both 

for 

if 



but 

though 

unless 

except 

whether 



No. 63. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

either 

neither 

yet 

or 

nor 



because 

lest 

unless 

save 

nevertheless 



that although than notwithstanding 



No. 64. 
A single final consonant preceded by a single 
accented vowel must be doubled before we can add 
a syllable beginning with a vowel : thus, to hop, 
hopping, hopped; to pin, pinning, pinned; to spit, 
(i.e. to pierce,) spit ting, spit ted; to strip, strip ping, 
strip ped, &c. These, without doubling the conso- 
nant, would be hoping, hoped; pining, pined; 
spi ting, spi ted; striping, striped, &c, which not 
only changes the pronunciation but the meaning 
of the words. 

a bet' a bet' ting a bet' ted 

ab hor ab hor ring ab hor red 

ad mit ad mit ting ad mit ted 

de fer de fer ring de fer red 

de mur de mur ring de mur red 
per mit per mit ting per mit ted 



When the final consonant (except T) is preceded 
by an unaccented vowel, or by more than one vowel, 
it is not doubled. 

al' ter ing 

an swer ing 



al' ter 
an swer 
ban ter 
bar gain 
blus ter 



ban ter ing 
bar gain ing 
blus ter ing 



al' ter ed 
an swer ed 
ban ter ed 
bar gain ed 
blus ter ed 



58 


THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK 


OF 




SECTION IV. 






ADOPTED FRENCH WORDS 








- 










No. 65. 






age 


dome 


grief 


mine 


rude 


air 


face 


grume 


mite 


rum 


are 


fame 


guide 


mode 


ruse 


ban 


farce 


jet 


muse 


sauce 


bile 


file 


joint 


note 


valve 


bill 


fine 


lance 


nul 


vent 


blame 


flux 


large 


ode 


vice 


brute 


fort 


lieu 


page 


plume 


cage 


franc 


lime 


pair 


point 


cause 


front 


lynx 


pale 


pore 


cave 


gage 


lyre 


place 


port 


cent 


globe 


lobe 


plain 


pot 


chance gouge 


long 


plan 


prune 


code 


grace 


lot 


plant 


pure 


corps 


grade 


lune 


rite 


purge 


crime grain 
Some have endes 


mal 


robe race 
tiange the orthogra- 


ivoured to c 


phy of the following class, and write . 


fiber, center, 


accouter, theater, &c. ; 


but we see 


that the analogous 


spelling of their derivatives fiber ous, centered, concen- 


terie, accouterments, 


theater icals, 


&c. is 


exceedingly 


awkward. 


This, therefore, must be ranked amongst 


those recent pueril 


q innovations which. 


if adopted, 


would greatly mar our idiom. 






a' ere 


fi'bre 


lus' tre 


ni' tre 


sa ; bre 


an tre 


tim bre 


mau gre 


o chre 


seep tre 


bis tre 


li vre 


me tre 


o gre 


som bre 


cen tre 


lu ere 


mi tre 


om bre 


spec tre 


ac cou 


tre ma noeu' vre 


se' 


pul chre 


con cen tre mas' sa ere 


the a tre 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 59 




No. 


66. 




ab'ject 


col' lege 


dou'eeur 


for' tune 


ab sent 


com pact 


dra gon 


frac tion 


ac cent 


con cert 


fis cal 


frac ture 


ar dent 


con clave 


dii cat 


fra gile 


ar cher 


con sul 


due tile 


fran chise 


ac tion 


con tact 


e cho 


fric tion 


ac tive 


con tour 


ec logue 


fron tal 


al cove 


cor net 


e den 


fru gal 


a gate 


cor set 


e dile 


fur tive 


a gent 


cos tume 


ef fort 


f u sion 


as pect 


cou pie 


e mir 


f u ture 


at las 


cou rage 


em pire 


gal late 


au spice 


cou sin 


en dive 


gan grene 


bon net 


cray on 


entree 


gin seng 


bri gand 


ere dence 


er go 


gla cis 


bru tal 


ere dit 


er got 


glo bule 


ca ble 


cro cus 


er rant 


glu ten 


ca dence 


de bit 


es sence 


gno mon 


can cer 


de cent 


ex ile 


gob lin 


ca non 


de file 


fa ble 


gour mand 


can ton 


de mon 


fa cile 


guer don 


cap sule 


de tail 


fac tion 


ha bit 


cap tive 


die tion 


fac ture 


halo 


cap ture 


die turn 


fa kir 


hau teur 


car mel 


dis tance 


fal cade 


hou ri 


car tel 


dis trict 


fie tion 


humble 


cau tion 


dl vers 


fi gure 


hy men 


cen sure 


do cile 


fu tile 


1 bis 


cen time 


dor mant 


fis sure 


1 chor 


cen tral 


dor sal 


fla grant 


1 dem 


ce sar 


do tal 


flam beau 


i mage 


ces sion 


dou ble 


flu ate 


1 man 


cha peau 


dou blet 


for mule 


in dex 



60 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 67. 
Final ti on, or si on, is, in French, pronounced 
se ongh. In English it forms but one syllable and is 
pronounced shon, though in rapid speaking it is 
merely sh'n, without vowel sound. Most French 
nouns in Hon become Spanish by changing t to c, 
which has the sound of th: thus, French, nation, 
(na se ongh ;) Spanish, na ci on f , (na the onn';) English, 
na' lion, (na'sh'n.) Most of those in sion are the same 
in Spanish, except that in this s is not doubled : thus, 
French, pas si on, (pas se ongh ;) Spanish, pa si on 1 , 
nouns are in French and 



(pa se onn'.) These 
Spanish all feminine. 



a ban' don 
ab due tion 
ab jec tion 
ab lu tion 
ab rup tion 
ab sorp tion 
ab ster sion 
ab strac tion 
ac cep tion 
ac ces sion 
ac ere tion 
ad di tion 
ad he rence 
ad he rent 
ad he sion 
ad ja cent 
ad mis sion 
a dop tion 
a dus tion 
af fee tion 
af flic tion 
al lu sion 



am bi' tion 
a muse ment 
ap pa rent 
ar range ment 
as cen dant 
as per sion 
as sas sin 
as ser tion 
as sis tant 
a stric tion 
a strin gent 
at ten tion 
at ten tive 
at trac tion 
at trac tive 
at tri tion 
as su ranee 
a ver sion 
ces sa tion 
ci ta tion 
co emp tion 
cog na tion 



co 



he' 



rence 



co he rent 
co he sion 
col la tion 
col lee tion 
col li sion 
col lu sion 
com bus tion 
com mence ment 
com mer cial 
com mis sion 
com mo tion 
com pas sion 
com pres sion 
com pres sive 
con cep tion 
con ces sion 
con ci sion 
con clu sion 
con coc tion 
con cor dance 
con cus sion 



PLAIN, 


COMMON-SENSE 


ENGLISH. 61 




No. 68. 




con cor' dant 


de ten' tion 


e lee' tion 


con ere tion 


de ter gent 


e mer gent 


con cur rence 


de ter mine 


e mer sion 


con cur rent 


de ter sive 


e mis sion 


con cus sion 


de trac tion 


e mo tion 


con di tion 


de vo tion 


en gage ment 


con due tion 


dif frac tion 


en gorge ment 


con fee tion 


di ges tive 


e rup tion 


con fes sion 


di ges tion 


ex a men 


con fu sion 


di gres sion 


ex cep tion 


con tin gence 


di lee tion 


ex ces sive 


con tin gent 


dis ci pie 


ex clu sive 


con trac tion 


dis cor dance 


ex ere tion 


con jec ture 


dis cor dant 


ex cur sion 


con fes sion 


dis ere dit 


ex emp tion 


dam na tion 


dis ere tion 


ex is tence 


de cem vir 


dis cur sive 


ex pan sive 


de cep tion 


dis cus sion 


ex pec tant 


de ci sion 


dis per sion 


ex pie tive 


de coc tion 


dis sec tion 


ex plo sion 


de due tion 


dis sen sion 


ex pres sion 


de fee tive 


dis sua sion 


ex pres sive 


de fen sive 


dis tine tive 


ex pul sion 


de f 1 ance 


dis tine tion 


ex pul sive 


den ti tion 


di ver gence 


ex ten sion 


de pen dant 


di ver gent 


ex tine tion 


de po nent 


di ver sion 


ex trac tion 


de pres sion 


di vi sion 


fil tra tion 


de range ment do na tion 


fix a tion 


de ri sion 


e di tion 


for ma tion 


de ser tion 


ef fee tive 


gra da tion 


de struc tive 


ef fi cient 


ig ni tion 


de struc tion 


e lee tive 


illu sion 



62 the people's spelling-book or 




No. 69. 




im mer' sion 


in struc' tive 


pre ces' sion 


im par tial 


in sur gent 


pre ci sion 


im pa tience 


in ten dant 


pre die tion 


im pa tient 


in tru sion 


pre scrip tion 


im por tance 


in ven tion 


pre ten sion 


im por tant 


in ven tive 


pro ce dure 


im pos ture 


in ver sion 


pro ces sion 


im po tent 


ir rup tion 


pro due tion 


im pres sion 


ll ba tion 


pro fes sion 


im pru dence 


11 bra tion 


pro fu sion 


im pru dent 


lieu te nant 


pro mo tion 


im pul sion 


lux a tion 


pro por tion 


im pul sive 


mi gra tion 


pro scrip tion 


in ac tive 


mo ni tion 


pro spec tus 


in ci sion 


mu ta tion 


pros tra tion 


in ci sive 


nar ra tion 


pro vin cial 


in clu sive 


na ta tion 


pro vi sion 


in con stant 


ne ga tion 


pul sa tion 


in de cent 


ob jec tion 


pur ga tion 


in dul gence 


o bla tion 


qua dru pie 


in dul gent 


ob ser vance 


quin tu pie 


in fer nal 


ob struc tion 


quint es sence 


in fer tile 


ob struc tive 


re ac tion 


in flic tion 


oc ca sion 


re dac tion 


in flic tive 


of fi cial 


re demp tion 


in fraction 


per cep tion 


re due tion 


in fu sion 


per di tion 


re due tive 


i ni tial 


per cus sion 


re la tion 


in jus tice 


per fee tion 


re li gion 


in scrip tion 


per mis sion 


re mis sion 


in ser tion 


per spec tive 


re pen tance 


in spec tion 


per sua sive 


re pen tant 


in struc tion 


per sua sion # 


re pie tion 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



63 



re pug' nance 
re pug nant 
re pul sion 
re pul sive 
re scrip tion 
re sis tance 
re spec tive 
re stric tion 
re stric tive 
re strin gent 
re sul tant 
re ten tion 
re trac tion 
re ver sion 
re vi sion 
re vul sion 
re vul sive 
sphe noi dal 
stag na tion 
sub mer sion 
sub jec tion 
sub lin gual 
sub rep tion 
sub ver sion 
sue ces sion 
sue ces sive 
suf fu sion 
sug ges tion 
sup pres sion 
sus pen sion 
sus pi cion 
tra di tion 
tran sac tion 



No. 70. 
ab' do men 
ab sti nence 
ab sti nent 
ac ci dent 
af fa ble 
af flu ence 
af flu ent 
al bi on 
al co hoi 
a li ment 
al ti tude 
am pli tude 
ar gen tine 
ar se nal 
ar ti cle 
ar ti flee 
as pi rant 
at ti tude 
au di ence 
au gu ral 
ba lus trade 
be ne flee 
ca li bre 
cer vi cal 
ce re bral 
an ti dote 
ben ja min 
bron chi al 
ca lo mel 
car di nal 
car me lite 
car ti lage 
ca val cade 



cen' tu pie 
cer ti tude 
cle ma tis 
con ti nence 
con ti nent 
con ju gal 
com pro mise 
con fe rence 
con fi dence 
con fi dent 
con se quence 
cor pu lence 
com pe tence 
com pe tent 
con di ment 
con gru ent 
con se quent 
cor po ral 
co ro nal 
co te rie 
cru ci al 
cy a nite 
dam na ble 
de ca logue 
de ci mal 
de f e rence 
de li cate 
den ti frice 
der ni er 
de tri ment 
dia ble rie 
di a logue 
dl a style 



64 the people's s 


PELLING-BOOK 


OP 








No 


. 71. 




in' fant 


mas' sive 


pe' dant 


quit' tance 


in grate 


mas tic 


pen dant 


quo tient 


in stant 


ma tin 


pen sion 


rai sin 


in stinct 


ma trice 


per due 


ra mage 


is sue 


men tal 


pe ril 


ram part 


I tern 


me tal 


pha rynx 


ra vage 


ja lap 


mi nute 


phe nix 


re al 


jar gon 


mis sive 


pi quantj 


re cent 


jas min 


mo dule 


pis tole 


re flux 


jas per 


mo ment 


pen sive 


re gent 


jour nal 


mo nome 


pis ton 


re gion 


justice 


mo ral 


pla card 


re nard 


ka li 


mor ceauf 


plan tage 


rl val 


ko ran 


mo tion 


plan tule 


ri vet 


la rynx 


mo tive 


pli ant 


ron deau 


la tent 


mus cle 


por tage 


ru ral 


la tin 


na dir 


por tion 


sa ble 


le gion 


na ture 


por trait 


sal vage 


le gume 


no ble 


pos ture 


sane tion 


11 cense 


ni trate 


pre fix 


san dal 


li chen* 


no tion 


pre lude 


san guine 


lin gual 


no tice 


pre sage 


sar dine 


H on 


nu bile 


pre sence 


sa tan 


ll vre 


nup tial 


pre sent 


sa tin 


15 bule 


ob long 


pri son 


sa tire 


lo tion 


o cean 


pro fit 


sa vant 


loy al 


oc tant 


pro vince 


seal pel 


ma cule 


oc tave 


pru dent 


sculp ture 


ma lice 


pa tience 


pub lie 


se cond 


mar quis 


pa tient 


ques tion 


se cret 


mar tial 


pa tron 


quin tal 


sec tile 


* lichen, pronounced When 


■j* morceau, mor so. \ 




| piquant, pe kangh. 





PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 65 






No. 72 






of fice 


o' range 


par 7 don 


pas sive 




5 nyx 


or chis 


par tage 


pas sion 




o phite 


or gies 


par tial 


pa tent 




o ral 


or tive 


pas sage 


pa thos 




sec tion 


ser vant 


ta Ion 


val vule 




sen tence 


son net 


tarn bour 


va let 




se quence 


sor tie 


tern pie 


vara pire 




se quin 


spe cial 


te nant 


ve nal 




ser pent 


spi nal 


ten sion 


ven due 




ser vice 


spi ral 


te nure 


ven geance 




ser vile 


sta tion 


tex tile 


ves tige 




ses sion 


sta tue 


tex ture 


vi rile 




se ton 


ste rile 


to tal 


vi sion 




sex tile 


sto rax 


tran sit 


vi tal 




sig nal 


stro phe 


trans port 


vo cal 




sig net 


struc ture 


tri dent 


vo lute 




si lence 


sul tan 


tri o 


voy age 




si lex 


sur plus 


tri pie 


vul pine 




sim pie 


su ture 


ur gent 


vul gate 




so cial 


ta ble 


u rine 


ze phyr 




so fa 


ta bleau 


u sage 


ze nitli 




so lo 


tac tile 


u sance 


ze ro 




sol stice 
chi cane'* 


tac tion 


va cant 


zig zag 
re spect' 




di van' 


ho te? 




com mode 


di vorce 


le vant 


ro mance 




com mune 


ex cuse 


lii nette 


sa line 




com plete 


ex empt 


ob tuse 


sue cinct 




co quette 


ex ploit 


pa rade 


sup port 




cor rect 


fi nance 


pro fane 


sus pense 




de but 


gri mace 


re gaiDL 


ti rade 




dis tinct 


ha rangue 


re lief 


me leef 




* Pronounced she cane. 


f Pronounced ma Id it. 





6* 



66 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



Final vowels 
ab di ca' tion 
ab er ra tion 
ab ju ra tion 
ab ne ga tion 
a bo li tion 
a bro ga tion 
ab so lu tion 
ac cu sa tion 
a dap ta tion 
ad ju ra tion 
ad mi ra tion 
a do les cent 
a do ra tion 
a du la tion 
a gi ta tion 
al le ga tion 
al lo ca tion 
al lo cu tion 
an he la tion 
amma tion 
an no ta tion 
an te ce dent 
ap pa ri tion 
as pi ra tion 
be ne fi cial 
de ci ma tion 
de fe ca tion 
de f i ni tion 
de le ga tion 
de no ta tion 
de nu da tion 
de pi la tion 



No. 73. 
alphabetic unless 
de po si' tion 
de pu ra tion 
de pu ta tion 
de ri va tion 
ci ne ra tion 
co ho ba tion 
ca pi ta tion 
co ef f i cient 
co e ter nal 
co ex is tence 
co gi ta tion 
de ro ga tion 
de to na tion 
de vas ta tion 
de vi a tion 
di mi nu tion 
di vi na tion 
do mi na tion 
du bi ta tion 
e du ca tion 
e le va tion 
e ma na tion 
e mu la tion 
e lo cu tion 
e ru di tion 
es ti ma tion 
e vo lu tion 
ex al ta tion 
ex ca va tion 
f e de ra tion 
fo li a tion 
ge ne ra tion 



otherwise marked, 
ac cep ta' tion 
ac cla ma tion 
ac qui si tion 
a do les cence 
af fee ta tion 
af fir ma tion 
a gri cul ture 
am pli a tion 
am pu ta tion 
ap pel la tion 
at tes ta tion 
at tri bu tion 
aug men ta tion 
be ne die tion 
bi fur ca tion 
cal ci na tion 
ce men ta tion 
col lo ca tion 
com mu ta tion 
com po si tion 
com pre hen sion 
com pli ca tion 
con cla ma tion 
de fla gra tion 
de mar ca tion 
de mo li tion 
de monstration 
de pra va tion 
de pre ca tion 
de pre da tion 
in flam ma tion 
in te gra tion 



PLAIN 


, COMMON-SENSE 


ENGLISH. 67 








No. 74. 




a da' gi o 


in tel lee' tion 


ac cou' tre ment 


ac cep ta ble 


in tel lee tive 


ad ver sa tive 


ac ces si ble 


in ter ces sion 


al ter na tive 


ac cor da ble 


in ter cos tal 


car mi na tive 


•ac cos ta ble 


in ter cur rent 


ca tas tro phe 


ac cu sa ble 


in ter jec tion 


co in ci dence 


ad ver bi al 


in ter mis sion 


co in ci dent 


al lo di al 


in ter mit tent 


com pres si ble 


al lu vi on 


in ter rup tion 


ba si li con 


an ti po dal 


in ter sec tion 


be a ti tude 


an ti po des 


in ter ven tion 


be ne f i cence 


ar mo ri al 


in ti ma tion 


ca tho li con 


as sign a ble 


in tro due tion 


col la te ral 


cen tu ri on 


in tu i tion 


com pa ti ble 


co a gu lum 
in vo ca' tion 


in vi ta tion 


con fir ma tive 
im mo la' tion 


ex cla ma' tion 


in vo lu tion 


ex e era tion 


im por ta tion 


ex e cu tion 


em bro ca tion 


im po si tion 


ex ha la tion 


e mi gra tion 


im preg na tion 


ex bi bi tion 


fa bri ca tion 


in at ten tive 


ex hor ta tion 


fas ci na tion 


in can ta tion 


ex pec ta tion 


flue tu a tion 


in car na tion 


ex pe di tion 


fo men ta tion 


in cli na tion 


ex pi a tion 


ful gu ra tion 


in co he rence 


; ex pi ra tion 


fu mi ga tion 


in co he rent 


ex pli ca tion 


gra nu la tion 


in crus ta tion 


ex por ta tion 


ha bi ta tion 


in cul pa tion 


; ex po si tion 


ho ri zon tal 


in de ci sion 


! ex sic ca tion 


il lus tra tion 


ex hu ma tion 


ex su da tion 


i mi ta tion 


fer men ta tion 


ex tra di tion 


i na ni tion 


fla gel la tion 


ex ul ta tion 


in at ten tion 


fre quen ta tion 



68 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



con den sa' tion 
con fir ma tion 
con fis ca tion 
con for ma tion 
con ju ra tion 
con ser va tion 
con so la tion 
con spi ra tion 
con ster na tion 
con sti pa tion 
con sti tu tion 
con tes ta tion 
con ti nen tal 
con vo ca tion 
cor po ra tion 
co rus ca tion 
de co ra tion 



No. 75. 
con tra die' tion 
con tri bu tion 
con va les cence 
con va les cent 
cul mi na tion 
de cla ma tion 
de cla ra tion 
de fal ca tion 
in di ca tion 
in di ges tion 
in dis ere tion 
in for ma tion 
in hu ma tion 
con tern pla tion 
con stel la tion 
con fla gra tion 
in no va tion 



in qui si' tion 
in spi ra tion 
in sti ga tion 
in stil la tion 
in sti tu tion 
in ter cep tion 
in ter die tion 
dis pen sa tion 
dis po si tion 
dis pro por tion 
dis qui si tion 
dis ser ta tion 
dis si pa tion 
dis so lu tion 
dis til la tion 
dis tri bu tion 
di vul ga tion 



a bo mi na' tion 
ab bre vi a tion 
ac ce le ra tion 
ac com mo da tion 
ac cu mu la tion 
ad ju di ca tion 
ad mi nis tra tion 
a dul te ra tion 
af fa bu la tion 
af f i li a tion 
ag glu ti na tion 
a li e na tion 
al li te ra tion 
ac cen tu a tion 
a mal ga ma tion 



an ni hi la' tion 
an ti ci pa tion 
ar ti cu la tion 
as so ci a tion 
as si mi la tion 
at te nu a tion 
ca pi tu la tion 
con ti nu a tion 
con so li da tion 
co o pe ra tion 
con ca te na tion 
co in di ca tion 
com me mo ra tion 
com mi se ra tion 
com mu ni ca tion 






PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 69 


No. 


76. 


clas si fi ca' tion 


ex ter mi na' tion 


cen tra li za tion 


fal si f i ca tion 


cla ri f 1 ca tion 


fe li ci ta tion 


for ti f 1 ca tion 


flo ri f i ca tion 


con ci li a tion 


fruc ti fi ca tion 


co a gu la tion 


ges ti cu la tion 


con fa bu la tion 


glo ri f i ca tion 


con fe de ra tion 


ha bi tu a tion 


con si de ra tion 


lior ri pi la tion 


de bi li ta tion 


hu mi li a tion 


de ere pi ta tion 


il lu mi na tion 


de no mi n a tion 


i ma gi na tion 


de po pu la tion 


im per fo ra tion 


de ter mi na tion 


in ap pli ca tion 


di la ce ra tion 


in au gu ra tion 


di la pi da tion 


in cor po ra tion 


dul ci fi ca tion 


in dis po si tion 


e dul co ra tion 


in fa tu a tion 


e ja cu la tion 


i ni ti a tion 


e la bo ra tion 


i no cu la tion 


e li mi na tion 


in si nu a tion 


e lu ci da tion 


in ter po la tion 


e ma ci a tion 


in ter pel la tion 


e man ci pa tion 


in ter po si tion 


e mas cu la tion 


in ter ro ga tion 


e ra di ca tion 


in ti mi da tion 


e va cu a tion 


in ves ti ga tiqn. 


ex as pe ra tion 


ir ra di a tion 


ex co ri a tion 


ir re so lu tion 


ex cor ti ca tion 


jus ti fi ca tion 


ex fo li a tion 


le gi ti ma tion 


ex pa tri a tion 


ma ni pu la tion 


ex pec to ra tion 


nays ti f i ca tion 



70 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



pre ci pi ta' tion 
pre des ti na tion 
pre me di ta tion 
pre oc cu pa tion 
pre va ri ca tion 
pu ri f i ca tion 
qua li f i ca tion 
ra mi fi ca tion 
ra ti f i ca tion 
re ci pro ca tion 
re com po si tion 
re cri mi na tion 
rec ti f i ca tion 
re fri ge ra tion 
re ge ne ra tion 
re in te gra tion 
six source 
sol sphere 

sot sphinx 

sus cep' tion trans 
sus pen sive trans 
trans fu sion trans 



No. 77. 

re i te ra' tion 
re mu ne ra tion 
re pre sen ta tion 
re tro gra da tion 
re ven di ca tion 
re ver be ra tion 
sane ti f i ca tion 
sco ri f i ca tion 
sig ni f i ca tion 
spe ci fi ca tion 
sub or di na tion 
tern po ri za tion 
ter gi ver sa tion 
trans fi gu ra tion 
ve ri f i ca tion 
ver si f i ca tion 
spire tete tour 

style tierce tripe 
suite tort type 

gres' sion tran si' tion 
la tion tran scrip tion 
mis sion trans pa rent 



By adding to the following verbs the French in- 
finitive terminal er, or, where the verb ends in e, 
simply r, we form the French verbs, of the first con- 
jugation from which they are derived: thus, from 
ab sorb', ac cept', ac cost', ac cuse', we form ab sor her, 
ac cep ter, ac cos ter, ac cu ser, &c. The terminal er is 
pronounced like a or French e. 

Between two vowels, s, in French, is always pro- 
nounced like z; hence we seldom find z in the mid- 
dle of a French word ; for example, temporization is, 
in French, tern po ri sa ti on. 











PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH 


[. 71 




No. 


78. 




In forming French verbs from the following, dou- 


ble a single 


final consonant, except r and x. After 


d, except in 


demander, e is acute : thus, debaacher, (pro- 


nounced d6 bo she,) dieamper, &c. 




abjure' 


as sign' 


con form' 


de note' 


ab sent 


as sist 


con front 


de plore 


ab sorb 


as sure 


con fute 


de pose 


a buse 


at tach 


con jure 


de prave 


ac cept 


at test 


con nive 


de press 


ac cost 


aug ment 


con serve 


de pute 


ac cuse 


a ver 


con sign 


de range 


ac quit 


bap tize 


con sist 


de ride 


a dapt 


bom bard 


con sole 


de sert 


ad here 


ca ress 


con spire 


de sign 


adjudge 


co quet 


con sume 


de sire 


ad jure 


col lude 


con suit 


de sist 


ad mire 


com mand 


con tend 


de tach 


a dopt 


com mence 


con test 


de tail 


a dore 


com ment 


con tract 


de test 


af feet 


com pare 


con trast 


de tract 


affirm 


com pete 


con trol 


de vise 


af front 


com pile 


con verge 


dl late 


a gree 


com plete 


con verse 


dis cern 


a larm 


com port 


con tent 


dis pense 


a mass 


com pose 


de bauch 


dis pose 


a muse 


con cede 


de camp 


dis pute 


an nex 


con cern 


de cant 


dis suade 


an nounce 


con cert 


de cide 


dis til 


an nul 


con dense 


de clare 


ef face 


ap point 


con fer 


de cline 


e lude 


ar range 


con fess 


de form 


en chant 


ar rive 


con fine 


de grade 


en dure 


as pire 


con firm 


de mand 


e clipse 



72 THE people's 


SPELLING-BOOK OF 




No. 79. 




In forming French verbs, omit d before q, u after 


o, and change final k to 


quer. 




cause 


en gage' 


ob serve' 


re gard' 


cede 


en rage 


op pose 


re gret 


change 


en rol 


op press 


re scind 


chant 


ex eel 


pre fer l 


re serve 


charge 


ex cept 


pre pare 


re side 


charm 


ex cite 


pre sent 


re sign 


cite 


ex hort 


pre side 


re sist 


dupe 


ex ist 


pre sume 


re spect 


fix 


ex pire 


pro fane 


re spire 


force 


ex pose 


pro fess 


re suit 


forge 


ex ult 


pro long 


re sume 


form 


im plore 


pro pose 


re tard 


grill 


im port 


pro test 


re tire ' 


guide 


im pose 


re cite 


re volt 


lodge 


im pute 


re cline 


sub lime 


lute 


in cline 


re cord 


sub merge 


march 


in fer 


re dress 


sub orn 


mark 


in fuse 


re fer 


sub sist 


mask 


in hume 


re form 


sup port 


• mate 


in sist 


re tract 


sup pose 


mine 


in spect 


re fuse 


sur charge 


mount 


in spire 


re fute 


sur mount 


muse 


in stil 


re gale 


sur pass 


note 


in suit 


re late 


sus pect 


pass 


in vent 


re lax 


trans form 


pave 


in vite 


re lay 


trans fuse 


perch 


la ment 


re place 


trans gress 


plane 


ma raud 


re plant 


tran spire 


plant 


mo lest 


re pent 


trans plant 


point 


ob ject 


re pose 


trans port 


post 


o blige 


re pute 


trans pose 



PLAIN, 


COMMON-SENSE 


ENGLISH. 73 




No. 80. 




In forming French verbs, change final ny to gner, 


ate to er, cate to quer, and y to ier. 


Pronounce y like 


1, (French a'i.) 






ab' di cate 


gra 7 du ate 


or' ga nize 


a bro gate 


gra vi tate 


pa ci fy 


ag gra vate 


i mi tate 


pal li ate 


a gi tate 


im mo late 


pal pi tate 


a na lyze 


in di cate 


pa ra lyze 


ar ro gate 


in flu ence 


pa ra phrase 


as pi rate 


in no vate 


pa ro dy 


au tho rize 


in te grate 


pe ne trate 


cal cu late 


in ti mate 


per fo rate 


cap ti vate 


ir ri tate 


per pe trat 


ce le brate 


la ce rate 


per se cute 


cen tra lize 


la pi date 


pe tri fy 


ci vi lize 


le vi gate 


po e tize 


com pli merit 


li be rate 


pul ve rize 


con fis cate 


ma ce rate 


pu ri fy 


con tern plate 


ma chi nate 


qua li fy 


cul ti vate 


ma ni fest 


ra mi fy 


cul mi nate 


me di ate 


ra ri fy 


dis lo cate 


me tal lize 


ra ti fy 


dis si pate 


mo de rate 


re a lize 


de ci mate 


mo du late 


r<§ com pense 


de co rate 


mo di fy 


re ere ate 


de so late 


mi li tate 


rec ti fy 


du pli cate 


mol li fy 


re gis ter 


dog ma tize 


mo ra lize 


re tro grade 


e le vate 


mor ti fy 


ru mi nate 


e mi grate 


mul ti ply 


rus ti cate 


ex e cute 


mu ti late 


sa li vate 


ful mi nate 


na vi gate 


sane ti fy 


fu mi gate 


no ti fy 


sa tu rate 



74 THE people's spelling-book of 




No. 81. 




sea' ri fy 


sub' li mate 


con so' li date 


sco ri fy 


sub ti lize 


cor ro bo rate 


scin til late 


suf fo cate 


de bi li tate 


se pa rate 


sus ci tate 


de ge ne rate 


se ques trate 


sym pa thize 


de li be rate 


sig ni fy 


tern po rize 


de mo ra lize 


si mu late 


ter mi nate 


ex te nu ate 


spe ci fy 


vac ci nate 


in si nu ate 


spe cu. late 


va cil late 


in ti mi date 


spo li ate 


ve ge tate 


in va li date 


stig ma tize 


ve ne rate 


ne ces si tate 


sti mu late 


ven ti late 


ne go ti ate 


sti pu late 


ve ri fy 


of f i ci ate 


stra ti fy 


ver si fy 


ox y ge nate 


stu pe fy 


vi tri fy 


par ti ci pate 


sub ju gate 


vi vi fy 


per pe tu ate 


con cen' trate 


a bo' mi nate 


ac com' mo date 


con f i gure 


ac com pa ny 


ag glu ti nate 


con jec ture 


a dul te rate 


a mal ga mate 


con si der 


a na to mize 


ap pro pri ate 


con ti nue 


ar ti cu late 


ap prox i mate 


de fal cate 


as si mi late 


au then ti cate 


de ve lop 


at te nu ate 


com mu ni cate 


ex tir pate 


ca pi tu late 


dis se mi nate 


in cul pate 


con ci li ate 


ex ter mi nate 


i ma gine 


ef fee tu ate 


ex tra va sate 


il lu mine 


e li mi nate 


ha bi tu ate 


il lus trate 


e man ci pate 


hu mi li ate 


im preg nate 


e va po rate 


im mor ta lize 


in car nate 


ex pe ri ment 


in ter po late 


in cul cate 


fa ci li tate 


in ter ro gate 


in ter pret 


fe li ci tate 


in va li date 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 75 






No. 82. 




aid 


cord 


cray' on 


pre' lude 


arm 


couch 


die tate 


pro fit* 


bar 


press 


dif fer 


pros per 


blame 


quit 


ex ile 


ques tion 


brave 


tan 


fre quent 


ra vage 


calm 


tax 


fil trate 


ru in* 


camp 


touch 


ha zard 


se cond 


card 


trace 


out rage 


tra verse 


cave 


vex 


par don 


vi sit* 


class 


vote 


pla card 


voy age 



No 83. 

The French adjectives from which the following 
are derived are restored by changing ous, eous, or ose, 
to eux. 

French om and on are generally changed to um 
and un : thus, onction, jonction, ombrage to unction, junc- 
tion, umbrage. 



cal' lous 
cap tious 
fac tious 
fi brous 
gib bous 
her bous 
joy ous 
ni trous 
pe trous 
pi ous 
pom pous 
po rous 
pre cious 
se rous 



a ce' tous 
am bi tious 
au da cious 
cou ra geous 
de li cious 
ju di cious 
li cen tious 
ma li cious 
of f i cious 
um bra geous 
out ra geous 
re li gious 
se di tious 
sen ten tious 



cal' cu lous 
can ce rous 
ca ver nous 
eel lu lose 
fruc tu ous 
ge ne rous 
glan du lous 
glo bu lous 
glu ti nous 
ha zar dousf 
mem bra nous 
mus cu lous 
pe ri lous 
plu vi ous 



* Terminal not doubled, f French, hasardeux. 



76 



THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



a' di pose 
sa ni ous 
scan da lous 
scro fu lous 
scru pu lous 
se ri ous 
tar ta rous 
te ne brous 
tor tu ous 
ve no mous 
ver mi nous 
vir tu ous * 



No. 84. 
ru' i nous 
a mo rous* 
a que ous 
an gu lous 
ar gil lous 
ca ri ous 
dan ge rous 
fa bu lous 
gan gre nous 
ri go rous * 
vi go rous* 
vi tre ous 



bi tu' mi nous 
ca da ve rous 
ca la mi tous 
ca lum ni ous 
fas ti di ous 
fu li gi nous 
im pe ri ous 
im pe tu ous 
in dus tri ous 
in si di ous 
la bo ri ous 
mi ra cu lous 



ne ces si' tous 
ob se qui ous 
pre sump tu ous 
ver ti gi nous 
vie to ri ous 
vo lu mi nous 
vo lup tu ous 



al bu gi' ne ous 
ce re mo ni ous 
con tu me li ous 
ig no mi ni ous 
mu ci la gi nous 
o le a gi nous 
par si mo ni ous* 



The French nouns from which the following are 
derived are restored by changing final?/ toe: thus 
cavity, cavite. 

Final y has the true, though very short, alphabetic 
sound of e. 



ca' vi ty 
ce ci ty 
cha ri ty 
chas ti ty 
co mi ty 



a cer' bi ty 
a ci di ty 
ac ti vi ty 
ad ver si ty 
af fi ni ty 



as pe' ri ty 
a tro ci ty 
au tho ri ty* 
a vi di ty 
be nig ni ty 



* French, vertueux, rigoureux, vigoureux, cangreneux, parci- 
monieux, amoureux, autorite. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 77 






No. 85. 


caus ti' 


city 




a ma bi' li ty 


ce le bri ty 




a ni mo si ty 


ce le ri 


ty 




as si du i ty 


ci vi li 


ty 




au then ti ci ty 


con for 


mi ty 




ca tho li ci ty 


con ca vi ty 




con ti gu i ty 


con vex i ty 




con ti nu i ty 


ere du li ty 




con trac ti li ty 


cu pi di 


ty 




con tra ri e ty 


de bi li 


ty 




con san gui ni ty 


de cli vi ty 




cor di a li ty 


dif for mi ty 




cor po re i ty 


dis pa ri ty 




cu ri o si ty 


di vi ni 


ty 




do mes ti ci ty 


due ti li 


Lty 




e las ti ci ty 


du pli ci ty 




e lee tri ci ty 


e ter ni 
de' pu ty 


ty 

fa c 




flex i bi li ty 
fri a bi' li ty 


i' li ty 


den si ty 


fer ti li ty 


fu si bi li ty 


e qui ty 


fi de li ty 


hos pi ta li ty 


li ber ty 


flu 


i di ty 


im be ci li ty 


nul li ty 


fra ter ni ty im mo bi li ty 


pa ri ty 


fri 


gi di ty 


im mo ra li ty 


piety 


fu ti li ty 


im mor ta li ty 


pu ri ty* 


gen 


ti li ty 


im pro pri e ty 


qua li ty 


gra 


tu i ty 


im pu di ci ty 


quan ti ty 


hu 


ma ni ty in ac ti vi ty 


ra ri ty* 


hu 


mi di ty in ci vi li ty 


sic ci ty 


hu 


mi li ty 


in con gru i ty 


sua vi ty 


i den ti ty 


in ere du li ty 


va ni ty 


im men si 


by in do ci li ty 


* French, pureti, r arete. 



78 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



in fir' mi ty 
i ni qui ty 
in te gri ty 
in ten si ty 
la ti ni ty 
le ga li ty 
lim pi di ty 
Ion ge vi ty 
ma jo ri ty 
ma lig ni ty 
ma ter ni ty 
men di ci ty 
mo bi li ty 
mo da li ty 
mus co si ty 
ne ces si ty 



No. 86. 
o be' si ty 
ob li qui ty 
o pa ci ty 
pa ter ni ty 
per plex i ty 
plu ra li ty 
pro lix i ty 
pro pri e ty • 
pros pe ri ty 
pub li ci ty 
pu di ci ty 
ran ci di ty 
ra pi di ty 
re al i ty 
rus ti ci ty 
sa lu bri ty 



so li' di ty 
sphe ri ci ty 
sta bi li ty 
ste ri li ty 
stu pi di ty 
sub li mi ty 
te na ci ty 
te nu i ty 
ti mi di ty 
to ta li ty 
ur ba ni ty 
u ti li ty 
va li di ty 
ve na li ty 
ven to si ty 
ve ra ci ty 



in ge nu' i ty 
in si pi di ty 
in sta bil i ty 
in tre pi di ty 
in u ti li ty 
li be ra* li ty 
me di oc ri ty 
mis ci bil i ty 
mul ti pli ci ty 
mu ta bi li ty 
unc tu o sity 
par ti a li ty 
pas si bi li ty 
per pe tu i ty 
per spi ca ci ty 
per spi cu i ty 



con sti tu tio na' li ty 
im ma te ri a li ty 
im pe ne tra bi li ty 
im per me a bi li ty 
im per tur ba bi li ty 
im pre scrip ti bi li ty 
in com bus ti bi li ty 
in com mu ta bi li ty 
in com pa ti bi li ty 
in cor ri gi bi li ty 
in cor rup ti bi li ty 
in de fee ti bi li ty 
in de struc ti bi li ty 
in dis so lu bi li ty 
in di vi si bi li ty 
in tel li gi bi li ty 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 79 


No 


. 87. 


per so na' li ty* 


cor rup ti bi' li ty 


prin ci pa li ty 


de struc ti bi li ty 


pro ba bi li ty 


di la ta bi li ty 


pro di ga li ty 


di vi si bi li ty 


se cu la ri ty 


e li gi bi li ty 


sen su a li ty 


fa mi li a ri ty 


si nu o si ty 


im mu ta bi li ty 


spon ta ne i ty 


im par ti a li ty 


tor tu o si ty 


im pas si bi li ty 


tri vi a li ty 


im pec ca bi li ty 


u na ni mi ty 


im pe tu o si ty 


u ni for mi ty 


in cor po ra li ty 


u ni ver si ty 


in ere di bi li ty 


ver sa ti li ty 


in cu ra bi li ty 


vi si bi li ty 

vi va' ci ty in 


in cu ri o si ty 


com men su ra bi' li ty 


vo ra ci ty in 


com pre hen si bi li ty 


in ef fa bi' li ty 


in vul ne ra bi r li ty 


in flam ma bi li ty 


ir re sis ti bi li ty 


in flex i bi li ty 


ir re vo ca bi li ty 


in hos pi ta li ty 


per pen di cu la ri ty 


in sen si bi' li ty 


per cep ti bi' li ty 


in so lu bi li ty 


per fee ti bi li ty 


in stan ta ne i ty 


pu sil la ni mi ty 


in vi si bi li ty 


re flex i bi li ty 


ir re gu la ri ty 


re fran gi bi li ty 


ma te ri a li ty 


spi ri tu a li ty 


mu ni ci pa li ty 


su pe ri o ri ty 


o ri gi na li ty 


sus cep ti bi li ty 


* French, 


personnalite. 



80 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 88. 
The French nouns, from which the following are 
derived are restored by substituting ie for final y. 

a' nar chy ma' la dy a ca' de my 

a pa thy me lo dy ae ro lo gy 

a tro phy mo des ty ae ro me try 

au top sy mo nar chy a na to my 

bar ba ry pa ro Ay a no ma ly 

ba ro ny* pe nu ry an ti pa thy 

ca lum ny po e sy ar til le ry 

cal vi ty psal mo dy as tro lo gy 

dy nas ty rail le ry bi o gra phy 

ef fi gy rhap so dy* cal li gra phy 

e le gy re ve ry cho ro gra phy 

eu pho ny sym pa thy chro no lo gy 

fan ta sy tan ne ry cos mo gra phy 

a' cri mo ny ef fron' te ry as tro' no my 

ae ro man cy ge o gra phy on to lo gy 

a po plex y ge o me try or tho gra phy 

ca te go ry ho ro gra phy pe ri phe ry 

al le go ry ho ro me try phi lo lo gy 

ce re mo ny hy dro gra phy phi lo so phy 

dy sen te ry* hy dro lo gy phle bo to my 

ge o man cy hy po cri sy mi san thro py 

gy ro man cy ich no gra phy psy cho lo gy 

he mi pie gy mo no to ny zo b* gra phy 

ig no mi ny my tho lo gy zo b lo gy 

me Ian cho ly ne o lo" gy ty po gra phy 

en'vy phy si o' lo gy bib li o' gra phy 

har py ste re o gra phy i de o lo gy 
par ty tri go no me try or ni tho lo gy 

* French, baronnie, rapsodie, dyssenterie. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



81 



SECTION V. 
READING-LESSONS. 




CREATION OF THE WORLD. 

No. 89. 

In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth. 

And the earth was without form, and void ; and 
darkness was upon the face of the deep ; and the 
Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 

And God said, Let there be light : and there was 
light. 

And God saw the light, that it was good : and God 
divided the light from the darkness. 

And God called the light Day, and the darkness 
he called Night: and the evening and the morning 
were the first day. 

No. 90. 

And God said, Let there be a firmament in the 
midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from 
the waters. 

And God made the firmament, and divided the 
waters which were under the firmament from the 



82 THE people's spelling-book of 

waters which were above the firmament : and it was 
so. 

And God called the firmament Heaven : and the 
evening and the morning were the second day. 

No. 91. 

And God said, Let the waters under the heaven 
be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry 
land appear : and it was so. 

And God called the dry land Earth ; and the ga- 
thering together of the waters called he Seas : and 
God saw that it was good. 

And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the 
herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit 
after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth : 
and it was so. 

And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yield- 
ing seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, 
whose seed was in itself, after his kind : and God saw 
that it was good. 

And the evening and the morning were the third 
day. 

No. 92. 

And God said, Let there be lights in the firma- 
ment of the heaven, to divide the day from the night ; 
and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for 
days, and years. 

And let them be for lights in the firmament of the 
heaven, to give light upon the earth : and it was so. 

And God made two great lights, the greater light 
to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: 
he made the stars also. 

And God set them in the firmament of the heaven 
to give light upon the earth, 

And to rule over the day, and over the night, and 
to divide the light from the darkness : and God saw 
that it was good : and the evening and the morning 
were the fourth day. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 83 



No. 93. 

And God said, Let the waters bring forth abun- 
dantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl 
that may fly above the earth in the open firmament 
of heaven. 

And God created great whales, and every living 
creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth 
abundantly after their kind, and every winged fowl 
after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 

And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and 
multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl 
multiply in the earth. 

And the evening and the morning were the fifth 
day. 



No. 94. 

And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living 
creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, 
and beast of the earth after his kind : and it was so. 

And God made the beast of the earth after his 
kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing 
that creepeth upon the earth after his kind : and God 
saw that it was good. 

And God said, Let us make man in our image, 
after our likeness : and let them have dominion over 
the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and 
over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every 
creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. 

So God created man in his own image, in the 
image of God created he him : male and female 
created he them. 

And God blessed them, and God said unto them, 
Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, 
and subdue it : and have dominion over the fish of 
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every 
living thing that moveth upon the earth. 



84 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 95. 

And God said, Behold, I have given you every 
herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the 
earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a 
tree yielding seed ; to you it shall be for meat. 

And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl 
of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the 
earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green 
herb for meat : and it was so. 

And Clod saw every thing that he had made, and 
behold, it was very good. And the evening and the 
morning were the sixth day. 

Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and 
all the host of them. 

And on the seventh day God ended his work 
which he had made ; and he rested on the seventh 
day from all his work which he had made. 

And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified 
it : because that in it he had rested from all his work 
which God created and made. 



No. 96. 

Among the ten commandments given, to Moses, 
the servant of the Lord, to give to the children of 
Israel, is the following : — 

Keep the sabbath-day to sanctify it, as the Lord 
thy God hath commanded thee. 

Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work ; 

But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy 
God : in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy 
son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man-servant, nor thy 
maid-servant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of 
thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates ; 
that thy man-servant and thy maid-servant may rest 
as well as thou. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 85 

No. 97. 

As a day of rest and religious worship we now 
keep the first day of the week instead of the Jewish 
sabbath, because it was on the first day of the week 
that our blessed Lord rose from the dead. But, 
though the day is changed, the institution is the 
same, and there is abundant evidence that those per- 
sons prosper best in their worldly affairs who most 
devotedly abstain from all thought and conversation 
about them on this day. 

The Lord saith, by the prophet Isaiah, chapter lviii., 
verses 13 and 14, 

If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath, from 
doing thy pleasure on my holy day ; and call the sab- 
bath a delight, the holy of the Lord, honourable ; 
and shalt honour him, not doing thine own ways, 
nor finding thine own pleasure, nor speaking thine 
own words : 

Then shalt thou delight thyself in the Lord ; and 
I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of the 
earth, and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy 
father : for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. 



No. 98. 
Psalm 103. A Psalm of David. 

Bless the Lord, O my soul : and all that is within 
me, bless his holy name. 

Bless the Lord, my soul, and forget not all his 
benefits : 

Who forgiveth all thine iniquities ; who healeth 
all thy diseases ; 

Who redeem eth thy life from destruction ; who 
crowneth thee with loving-kindness and tender mer- 
cies ; 

Who satisfieth thy mouth with good things; so that 
thy youth is renewed like the eagle's. 

The Lord executeth righteousness and judgement 
for all that are oppressed. 



86 THE people's spelling-book of 



He made known his ways unto Moses, his acts 
unto the children of Israel. 

The Lord is merciful and gracious, slow to anger, 
and plenteous in mercy. 

He will not always chide ; neither will he keep 
his anger forever. 

He hath not dealt with us after our sins, nor re- 
warded us according to our iniquities. 

For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great 
is his mercy towards them that fear him. 

As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he 
removed our transgressions from us. 



No. 99. 

Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord 
pitieth them that fear him. 

For he knoweth our frame ; he remembereth that 
we are dust. 

As for man, his days are as grass ; as a flower of 
the field, so he flourish eth. 

For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone, and 
the place thereof shall know it no more. 

But the mercy of the Lord is from everlasting to 
everlasting upon them that fear him, and his right- 
eousness unto children's children ; 

To such as keep his covenant, and to those that 
remember his commandments to do them. 

The Lord hath prepared his throne in the heavens ; 
and his kingdom ruleth over all. 

Bless the Lord, ye his angels, that excel in 
strength, that do his commandments, hearkening 
unto the voice of his word. 

Bless ye the Lord, all ye his hosts ; ye ministers of 
his, that do his pleasure. 

Bless the Lord, all his works in all places of his 
dominion : bless the Lord, O my soul. 



No. 100. 
Proverbs. 

Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any 
bird. 

Be not wise in thine own eyes : fear the Lord and 
depart from evil. 

Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee : rebuke a 
wise man, and he will love thee. 

The fear of the wicked, it shall come upon him ; 
but the desire of the righteous shall be granted. 

The liberal soul shall be made fat. 

Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, 
and to-morrow I will give ; when thou hast it by thee. 

"Where no oxen are the crib is clean : but much 
increase is by the strength of the ox. 

The poor is hated even of his own neighbour : but 
the rich hath many friends. 

He that despiseth his neighbour sinneth : but he 
that hath mercy on the poor, happy is he. 

A soft answer turneth away wrath : but grievous 
words stir up anger. 

A scorner loveth not one that reproveth him : nei- 
ther will he go unto the wise. 

Better is a little with the fear of the Lord, than 
great treasure and trouble therewith. 

A just weight and balance are the Lord's : all the 
weights of the bag are his. 

Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty 
spirit before a fall. 

The fining-pot is for silver, and the furnace for 
gold : but the Lord trieth the hearts. 

A reproof entereth more into a wise man than a 
hundred stripes into a fool. 

Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not de- 
part from his house. 

He that handleth a matter wisely shall find good : 
and whoso trusteth in the Lord, happy is he. 



88 THE people's spelling-book of 




Behold, the threaden sails, 
Borne with the invisible and creeping -wind, 
Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow'd sea, 
Breasting the lofty surge. Shakespeabe. 

No. 101. 

They that go down to the sea in ships, that do 
business in great waters ; 

These see the works of the Lord, and his wonders 
in the deep. 

For he commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind, 
which lifteth np the waves thereof. 

They mount up to the heaven, they go down again 
to the depths : their soul is melted because of trouble. 

They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken 
man, and are at their wit's end. 

Then they cry unto the Lorcl in their trouble, and 
he bringeth them out of their distresses. 

He maketh the storm a calm, so that the waves 
thereof are still. 

Then are they glad because they be quiet ; so he 
bringeth them unto their desired haven. 

Oh that men would praise the Lord for his good- 
ness, and for his wonderful works to the children of 
men ! 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 89 

No. 102. 
PARAPHRASE OX HORACE, BOOK II., ODE X. 

BY WILLIAM COWPER. 

Receive, dear friend, the truths I teach ; 
So shalt thou live beyond the reach 

Of adverse fortune's power ; 
Not always tempt the distant deep, 
Nor always timorously creep 

Along the treacherous shore. 

He that holds fast the golden mean, 
And lives contentedly between 

The little and the great, 
Feels not the wants that pinch the poor, 
Nor plagues that haunt the rich man's door 

Imbittering all his state. 

The tallest pines feel most the power 
Of winter blasts ; the loftiest tower 

Comes heaviest to the ground ; 
The bolts that spare the mountain's side 
His cloud-capt eminence divide, 

And spread the ruin round. 

The well-inform' d philosopher 
Rejoices with a wholesome fear, 

And hopes, in spite of pain ; 
If Winter bellow from the north, 
Soon the sweet Spring comes dancing forth, 

And nature laughs again. 

What if thine heaven be overcast, 
The dark appearance will not last ; 

Expect a brighter sky. 
The God that strings the silver bow 
Awakes sometimes the muses too, 

And lays his arrows by. 

8* 



90 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



If hindrances obstruct thy way, 
Thy magnanimity display, 

And let thy strength be seen ; 
But oh ! if fortune fill thy sail 
With more than a propitious gale, 

Take half thy canvas in. 




Reflection on the Foregoing Ode. 

And is this all ? Can Eeason do no more 
Than bid me shun the deep, and dread the shore ? 
Sweet moralist! afloat on life's rough sea, 
The Christian has an art unknown to thee. 
He holds no parley with unmanly fears ! 
Where duty bids, he confidently steers, 
Faces a thousand dangers at her call, 
And, trusting in his God, surmounts them all. 

Cowper. 



91 



No. 103. 
Psalm XIX. A Psalm of David. 

The heavens declare the glory of God ; and the 
firmament showeth his handy work. 

Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto 
night showeth knowledge. 

There is no speech nor language where their voice 
is not heard. 

Their line is gone out through all the earth, and 
their words to the end of the world. In them hath 
he set a tabernacle for the sun, 

Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his cham- 
ber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 

His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and 
his circuit unto the ends of it ; and there is nothing 
hid from the heat thereof. 

The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul : 
the testimony of the Lord is sure, nmking wise the 
simple. 

The statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the 
heart : the commandment of the Lord is pure, en- 
lightening the eyes. 

The fear of the Lord is clean, enduring for ever : 
the judgements of the Lord are true and righteous 
altogether. 

More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than 
much fine gold: sweeter also than honey and the 
honeycomb. 

Moreover, by them is thy servant warned : and in 
keeping of them there is great reward. 

Who can understand his errors ? cleanse thou me 
from secret faults. 

Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous 
sins; let them not have dominion over me: then 
shall I be upright, and I shall be innocent from the 
great transgression. 

Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of 
my heart be acceptable in thy sight, O Lord, my 
strength and my redeemer. 



92 THE people's spelling-book op 

Anecdotes translated from the Spanish Collec- 
tion of Don Juan de la Granja. 
No. 104. 
a judicious reply. 
A courtier one day meeting with an old school- 
fellow, who had been obliged to leave his studies 
and apply himself to a mechanical business to ob- 
tain his living, and pitying his condition, said, " Why 
dost thou not learn to please, and then thou wilt not 
be obliged to gain thy bread by the labour of thy 
hands ?" " Why," replied the other, "dost thou not 
learn to work, and then thou wilt not need to be* a 
slave ?" 



the revenge. 
When the Emperor Sigismund was blamed for 
conferring benefits upon his enemies instead of get- 
ting rid of them by putting them to death, he an- 
swered: " What! do I not put them to death in making 
them my friends V 

No. 105. 
the generous peasant. 
During a freshet of the river Adige the bridge of 
Verona was destroyed, one arch after another. There 
only remained the middle one, upon which stood a 
house, and within it all the family. From the shore 
were seen the unfortunates weeping and calling for 
succour. It was also plainly visible that the force of 
the water was destroying the pillars of the arch. At 
this crisis the Count of Spolverini offered a purse of 
a hundred louis to him who should have the courage 
to go in a launch to the rescue of the sufferers. He 
had to incur the risk of being carried away by the 
current, or that, in placing himself beneath the house, 
he should be whelmed by the ruined arch. The 
concourse of people was great, but no one dared the 



ENGLISH. 93 



attempt. At this time a young peasant was passing, 
whom they informed of the enterprise and its reward. 
He immediately entered a launch, and, by dint of 
rowing, gained ground, placing himself in the mid- 
dle ofthe river : he reached the spot, and, remaining 
beneath the arch, he waited till all the family, father, 
mother, children, and old people, descended by a rope 
and entered the launch. " Courage !" cried he ; "you 
are already saved." By hard rowing he stemmed the 
current, and finally reached the shore. 

The Count Spolverini was about to give him the 
promised reward. " I did not sell my life," said the 
peasant. "My labour is sufficient for the support of 
myself and my family. Give the money to these 
poor people, who need it more than I." 



No. 106. 

FROM THE GLASGOW INFANT-SCHOOL REPOSITORY. 

MY MOTHER. 

"Who fed me from her gentle breast, 
And hush'd me in her arms to rest, 
And on my cheek her bosom prest ? 

My Mother. 

When sleep forsook my open eye, 

Who was it sung sweet lullaby, 

And rock'd me, that I should not cry ? 

My Mother. 

Who sat and watch' d my infant head, 
When sleeping in my cradle bed, 
And tears of sweet affection shed ? 

My Mother. 

When pain and sickness made me cry, 
Who gazed upon my heavy eye, 
And wept for fear that I should die ? 

My Mother. 



94 THE people's spelling-book of 

Who ran to help me when I fell, 
And would some pretty story tell, 
Or kiss the part to make it well ? 

My Mother. 

"Who taught my infant heart to pray, 
To love God's holy word and day, 
And walk in Wisdom's pleasant way ? 

My mother. 

And can I ever cease to be 
Affectionate and kind to thee, 
Who was so very kind to me, 

My Mother? 

Oh, no ! the thought I cannot bear, 
And if God please my life to spare, 
I hope I shall reward thy care, 

My Mother. 



No. 107. 

GOD IS NOT IN ALL HIS THOUGHTS. 

A child, instructed in a Sabbath-school, on being 
asked by his teacher if he could mention a place 
where God is not, made the following beautiful and 
unexpected reply: — "Not in the thoughts of the 
wicked." 



THE LITTLE SPANIEL. 

A surgeon of Leeds found a little spaniel who had 
been lamed. He carried the poor animal home, 
bandaged his leg, and, after two or three days, 
turned him out. The dog returned to the surgeon's 
house every morning, till his leg was perfectly well. 
At the end of several months, the spaniel again pre- 
sented himself, in company with another dog, who 
had also been lamed ; and he intimated, as well as 



COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 95 



piteous and intelligent looks could intimate, that he 
desired the same kind of assistance to be rendered 
to his friend as had been bestowed upon himself. 



No. 108. 

THE THREE RATS. 

A gentleman once had a present from abroad, of 
several flasks of fine Florence oil. He placed them 
in a cellar to which no one had access but himself. 
One day, to his great surprise, he observed that two 
of the flasks were empty. The next day he found 
another flask empty, and was still more perplexed to 
account for it. He could not, for a moment, think 
that any person on the premises had contrived secret 
means to get at the cellar ; and, lest such a surmise 
should be unjustly awakened in his mind, he resolved 
secretly to watch in the cellar. After remaining in 
the cellar more than an hour, he saw three rats issue 
from a hole in the corner and proceed to the fourth 
flask. One rat stood upon his hind-legs, and with 
his forefeet held the flask steady. The second sprang 
upon the shoulders of the first, by which means he 
could reach the top of the flask : with his teeth he 
very carefully drew out the cork, by means of the 
bit of cotton twisted round it ; then, dipping in his 
long tail, he presented it to the third rat to lick. 
They then changed places, as regularly as a set of 
soldiers relieving guard, and continued to do so till 
the flask was empty, each rat having had a fair pro- 
portion of the spoil. They then quitted the cellar. 



No. 109. 

THE PEASANT AND EAGLETS. 

A peasant resolved to rob an eagle's nest that had 
been built in a small island in the beautiful lake of 
Killarney, in Ireland. He accordingly stripped and 



96 THE people's spelling-book of 

swam to the island while the old ones were away, 
and, having robbed the nest of its young, he was pre- 
paring to swim back with the young eagles tied in 
a string ; but while he was yet up to his chin in wa- 
ter, the old eagles returned, and, missing their young, 
quickly espied and fell upon the plunderer, and in 
spite of all his resistance they killed him with their 
beaks and talons. 



POLISH TURNSPITS. 

Bears are very common in Poland : the peasants 
catch them when young, and teach them to perform 
all sorts of domestic labour. These animals possess 
great intelligence and dexterity, particularly with 
their fore-paws. Many innkeepers have bears, who 
adroitly turn the spits for roasting meat. It is an 
extraordinary sight to a stranger who enters one of 
the Polish kitchens, to see a bear seated gravely on 
his hind-legs, and turning with his fore-paws an im- 
mense spit, by means of a handle artistically con- 
structed. 



No. 110. 

THE STOLEN CUBS. 

Several years ago, a party belonging to a ship's 
crew was sent ashore to cut wood for the use of the 
ship. One of the men, having strayed from the rest, 
was greatly frightened by the appearance of a large 
lioness which made towards him. But on her com- 
ing up, she ]ay down at his feet, and looked very 
earnestly, first at him, and then at a tree a short dis- 
tance off. After repeating her looks several times, 
she arose and proceeded onwards to the tree, looking 
back several times, as if wishing the man to follow 
her. At length he ventured ; and, coming to the 
tree, he perceived a large baboon with two young 
cubs in her arms, which he supposed were those of 
the lioness, as she crouched down like a cat, and 



97 

seemed to eye them very steadfastly. The man, be- 
ing afraid to ascend the tree, decided on cutting it 
down ; and, having his axe with him, he set actively 
to work, when the lioness seemed most attentive to 
what he was doing. When the tree fell, she sprung 
upon the baboon; and, after tearing her to pieces, she 
turned and licked the cubs for some time. She then 
returned to the man, and fawned round him, rubbing 
her head against him in great fondness, and in token 
of gratitude for the service he had done her. After 
this she took away the cubs, one by one, and the 
man returned to the ship. 



No. 111. 

THE VIPER. 

The viper is about a foot and a half long, and an 
inch thick. Its eyes are fiery and its head flat, with 
a snout like a pig's. Its tongue is long and cloven. 
Its body is covered with scales of a dirty-yellow 
colour, and is marked on the back and sides with 
dark square spots. The viper differs from other ser- 
pents in having but one row of teeth, others having 
two. It has thirty-two small teeth and two larger 
ones, which are placed in the upper jaw, and can be 
raised at pleasure. It has from twenty to thirty 
young ones at a birth : they are brought forth alive 
and wrapped in a sort t>f skin, which they burst on 
the third day after their birth. The viper is the 
only venomous serpent found in Great Britain. It 
is called venomous because its bite is poisonous 
and sometimes causes death. The remedy in com- 
mon use for the bite of this animal, and which has 
scarcely ever been known to fail, is olive-oil, — a quan- 
tity of which rubbed upon the wounded part, and 
also taken internally, is a certain cure. Yipers are 
chiefly found in rocky, warm thickets, and in unfre- 



98 THE people's spelling-book of 

quented heaths. They swarm in great numbers in 
the small uninhabited isles of the Hebrides, or West- 
ern Islands. In Ireland there are no vipers. They 
feed on mice, frogs, birds, &c, and are said some- 
times to swallow their prey whole. They pass the 
winter in a torpid state. 



No. 112. 

ANECDOTE OF CRANES. 

A gentleman who took particular notice of these 
birds says that in the night-time, when feeding, a 
few remain at a distance from the rest, and when any 
danger approaches, they give the alarm, and the 
whole flock instantly fly away : he also says that the 
watching cranes stand upon the left leg, and hold 
in the right claw a stone of some weight, so that, 
if overcome by sleep, the falling stone may awake 
them. 



THE DRUNKARD RECOVERED. 

The late E. P., of W., was for some time awfully 
ensnared by the sin of drunkenness, but was at length 
recovered from it in the following singular way. He 
had a tame goat, which was wont to follow him to 
the alehouse which he frequented. One day, by way 
of frolic, he gave the animal so much ale that it 
became intoxicated. What particularly struck Mr. 
P. was, that from that time, though the creature 
would follow him to the door, he never could get 
it to enter the house. Revolving this circumstance 
in his mind, Mr. P. was led to see how much the 
sin by which he had been enslaved had sunk him 
beneath a beast, and from that time he became a 
sober man. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 99 

No. 113. 

THE DOG AND FOWLS. 

During a snow-storm, in February, 1829, a remark- 
able incident of the brute reasoning-kind occurred 
at a farm-house in the neighbourhood of Falkirk. 
A number of fowls were missing one evening at 
the hour when they usually retired to their roost, 
and all conjectures were lost in trying to account 
for their disappearance. While sitting around the 
kitchen-ingle, the attention of the family was roused 
by the entrance of the house-dog, having in his 
mouth a hen apparently dead. Forcing his way to 
the fire, the cautious animal laid his charge down 
upon the warm hearth and immediately set off. He 
soon entered with another, which he deposited in 
the same place, and so continued till the whole of 
the poor birds were rescued. 

Wandering about the stack-yard, the fowls had 
become quite benumbed by the extreme cold, and 
had crowded together, when the dog, observing them, 
effected their deliverance. They had not lain long 
before the glowing ribs ere they started to their legs, 
and walked off to their balks, cackling the Hen's 
March, with many new variations, in thankfulness 
to their canine friend. 



No. 114. 

ANECDOTE OF A SHEEP. 



A gentleman of Inverness, on a recent journey in 
the Highlands, while passing through a lonely and 
unfrequented district, observed a sheep hurrying 
towards the road before him, as if to interrupt his 
progress, and, at the same time, bleating most pi- 
teously. On approaching nearer, the animal re- 
doubled its cries, and, looking significantly in the 
face of the traveller, seemed to implore some favour 
or assistance at his hands. Touched with a sight so 



100 THE people's spelling-book of 

unusual, the gentleman alighted, and, leaving his 
gig, followed the sheep to a field in the direction 
whence it came. There, in a solitary cairn, at con- 
siderable distance from the road, the sheep halted, 
and the traveller found a lamb completely wedged 
in betwixt two large stones of the cairn, and strug- 
gling feebly with its legs uppermost. The gentle- 
man instantly extricated the little innocent sufferer, 
and placed it safely on the neighbouring greensward, 
while its overjoyed mother poured forth her thanks 
in a long-continued and grateful, if not a musical, 
strain. 



No. 115. 

CANINE SAGACITY. 



A gentleman, who had for many years been com- 
mander of a ship in the West India trade, had a 
fine old Newfoundland dog, which accompanied him 
in all his voyages, and which was found to be very 
useful, for he would tell when land was near much 
better than any man on board. Some hours before 
land was made, the dog used to get to the side of 
the vessel, snuff the air, wag his tail, and seem much 
pleased, which was the signal for sending a man 
aloft, and in a short time the shore was discovered. 
The vessel no sooner came to anchor in parts which 
she had previously visited, than the dog would jump 
overboard and swim to the shore : he there visited 
his friends, and, after staying some time, would re- 
turn, and, on coming to the side of the ship, would 
howl till he was taken on board. The captain, re- 
tiring from the sea-service, took his dog with him, 
and went to reside at a village within a few miles 
of London, where he regularly attended church on 
Sundays, accompanied by his dog. On any particu- 
lar occasion, when his master was prevented from 
going, the dog, on hearing the bell, would set off* 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 101 

alone, walk slowly to the church, and lie down in 
the captain's pew till service was over, and then re- 
turn home. 



No. 116. 

THE BLACK EWE. 

Some time ago, as a gentleman was passing over 
one of the extensive downs in the West of England, 
about mid-day, where a large flock of sheep were 
feeding, and observing the shepherd sitting by the 
roadside, preparing to eat his dinner, he stopped 
his horse and entered into conversation with him to 
this effect: — "Well, shepherd, you look cheerful 
and contented, and I dare say have very few cares to 
vex you. I, who am a man of pretty large property, 
cannot but look at such men as you with a kind of 
envy." "Why, sir," replied the shepherd, "'tis 
true I have not troubles like yours, and I could do 
well enough, were it not for that black ewe that you 
see yonder amongst my flock. I have often begged 
my master to kill or sell her, but he won't, though 
she is the plague of my life ; for no sooner do I sit 
down to look at my book, or take my wallet to get 
my dinner, but away she sets off over the down, and 
the rest follow her ; so that I have many a weary 
step after them. There ! you see, she's off, and they 
are all after her !" "Ah, friend," said the gentleman 
to the shepherd before he started, " I see every man 
has a black ewe in his flock to plague him, as 
well as I!" The reader may make the application. 



No. 117. 

{Translated from the Spanish.) 
MATERIALISM. 

An infidel, who had written a thousand absurdi- 
ties to prove that we have no soul, asked a lady, with 



102 the people's spelling-book of 

an air of triumph, what she thought of his philoso- 
phy; to which she replied, "It seems to me, my 
dear sir, that you have employed much talent and 
ability to prove yourself a beast." 



A doctor who was a materialist, wishing to sus- 
tain against a famous preacher the doctrine of the 
non-existence of the soul, proposed to him these ques- 
tions : — 

" Hast thou ever seen a soul ?" • „" No." 

" Hast thou heard a soul ?" " No." 

" Hast thou smelled a soul ?" " No." 

" Hast thou tasted a soul ?" " No." 

"Hast thou felt a soul?" "Yes, thanks be to 
God," replied the preacher. 

"Very good," pursued the doctor: "here we have 
four senses against one to prove that there is no 
soul." 

The preacher replied with the following questions. 
"As thou art a doctor in medicine, tell me, 

" Hast thou ever seen a pain ?" " No." 

" Hast thou heard a pain ?" " No." 

" Hast thou smelled a pain ?" " No." 

" Hast thou tasted a pain ?" " No." 

"Hast thou felt a pain ?" "Yes." 

"Very good," continued he : " here thou hast four 
senses against one to prove that there is no pain ; 
yet thou knowest that pain exists : so also exists the 
soul." 

The confused doctor bore away with a fresh breeze. 



"If Wisdom's ways you wisely seek, 
Five things observe with care : — 
Of whom you speak ; to whom you speak ; 
And how, and when, and where." 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 103 



SECTION VI. 

On the pronunciation of foreign words ; Adopted Latin 
and Greek Nouns and their Plurals; Latin, French, 
and other words and phrases often found in English 
books; Abbreviations ; Script. 

No. 118. 

ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN WORDS. 

When the Latin people or ancient Romans were 
the masters of the world, they diffused their lan- 
guage and literature over many countries of Eu- 
rope. At the present day, the languages of these, 
as well as that of the Italians, their descendants, so 
nearly resemble the Latin as almost to be considered 
versions of it ; and it is worthy of particular remark, 
that in all, with slight exception, the simple vowel 
sounds are the same : while, with the exception of o, 
(and this considerably differs,) they do not bear the 
slightest resemblance to the simple or alphabetic 
sounds of the same vowels in English: hence we 
should naturally infer, and the fact is too palpable 
to be denied, that to attach the English alphabetic 
sounds to the Latin vowels renders this lofty idiom 
an excruciating jargon; whereas, when heard from 
the mouth of a well-educated Italian, it is enchant- 
ingly beautiful. The Italian pronunciation is nearly 
that here adopted. 

The sound of a as heard in father is often, by lexi- 
cographers and others, called the long Italian a; yet 
this sound is never heard in well-spoken Italian. 
The Italian or Latin a, as we shall now call it, varies 
in quantity, — that is, in the length of time it is con- 
tinued ; but the sound itself is always the same, and 
is perfectly heard in bat, cat, pat, mat, rat. In the 
word ndta, nah ta, a daughter, it is long in the first 
syllable and short in the last. The vowels i and u, 
except in quantity, are also invariable: % has the 



104 



THE people's spelling-book of 



same sound as in French, — that is, the same as ee in 
the English word see ; and u has the sound of oo or 
French on. In the words vidi, vee dee, I saw, tuum, 
too bom, thine, we have their long and short sound. 

The vowels e and o have each an open and a close 
sound. 

The open e is like French e or English ai in air ; 
as bine, French be ne, English bai nd, well. The 
close e is like French £ or long a in fate ; as, veni, 
French ve ni, English vd nee, I came. 

The open o is like o in of; as bro, I entreat. The 
close o is like exceedingly short bo or French ou ; as, 
viva voce, vee vd vbo tshe, by the living voice : sc ini- 
tial is like sh. 

C before e, i, m, and ce, is pronounced like tsh; d and t 
initial or final, when followed by a vowel, have a 
slight mixture of th vocal ; j initial is nearly like y, 
with an almost imperceptible mixture of g. When 
both vowels of the digraphs ia, ie, io, &c. are pro- 
nounced, the t which propels them is pronounced 
like is ; as, ah initio, ab e nee f tsee b, from the begin- 
ning. Terminal is is pronounced eece, es dee, and os 
bee, though short. Terminals generally firm, and 
somewhat sharp. 



No. 119. 

LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES WHICH FREQUENTLY OCCUR 
IN ENGLISH BOOKS. 



Aborigines. Original inhabitants. 

Ab initio. From the beginning. 

Ad arbitrium. At pleasure. 

Ad captandum vulgus. To capti- 
vate the populace. 

Adfinem. To the end. 

Ad kominem. To the man. » 

Ad infinitum. To infinity. 

Ad libitum. At pleasure. 

Ad referendum. For considera- 
tion. 

Ad valorem. According to the 
value. 



A fortiori. With stronger reason. 

Alias. Otherwise. 

Alibi. Elsewhere. 

Alma mater. A fostering mother ; 
institution for education. 

A mensa et toro. From bed and 
board. 

Anglice. In English. 

A priori. From a prior reason. 

A posteriori. From a latter rea- 
son. 

Argumentum ad hominem. Per- 
sonal argument. 



ENGLISH. 



105 



No. 120. 



Argumentum ad baculinum. Ar- 
gument of flagellation, or of the 
cane. 

Audi alteram partem. Hear both 
sides. 

Bona fide. In good faith ; really. 

Bucephalus. Alexander's horse ; 
a powerful or big-headed horse. 

Census. Valuation ; tribute ; 
numbering of the people. 

Cacoethes scribendi. Itch or pas- 
sion for writing or scribbling. 

Caput mortuum. Dead, inert, or 
worthless remains. 

Cozteris paribus. Other things 
being unaltered. 

Compos mentis. Of sane mind. 

Cornucopice. The horn of plenty. 

Credat Judceus. A Jew may be- 
lieve it, (but I will not.) 

Cui bono ? What is the use ? 

Cum multis aliis. With many 
others. 



Cum priviUgio. With privilege. 

De facto. In fact. 

Dei gratid,. By the grace or fa- 
vour of God. 

De jure. By right. 

Dele. Leave out ; expunge. 

De novo. Anew ; over again. 

Desunt cceterce. The rest are 
wanting. 

Domini dirige nos. Lord direct 
us. 

Dramatis persona. Characters 
represented. 

Durante bene placito. During 

pleasure. 

Durante vita. During life. 

E pluribus unum. From many 
one ; confederation ; (motto of 
the United States.) 

Ergo. Therefore. 

Esto perpetua. May it last for- 
ever. 

Ex. Out of: late. 



No. 121. 



Excerpta. Extracts. 

Ex officio. Officially. 

Ex parte. On one side only. 

Ex post facto. After the fact, or 
commission of a crime. 

Excelsior. More elevated ; (motto 
of the State of New York.) 

Exit. Departure. 

Extempore. Unpremeditated. 

Exuvice. Cast skin, shells, &c. 
of animals. 

Facetice. Witticisms. 

Fac simile. Exact copy or re- 
semblance. 

Fe'lo de se. A self-murderer. 

Fiat. Let it be done. 

Finis. The end. 

Fortiter in re. Firmness in act- 
* ing. 

Gratis. For nothing. 

Hiatus. An opening or gap. 

Habeas corpus. Thou hast the 



body ; (writ to deliver a person 
from prison.) 

Hie jacet. Here lies. 

Ibidem. Ln the same place. 

Idem. The same. 

Id est. That is. 

Impetus. Force of a body in mo- 
tion; power with which it 
strikes. 

Imprimatur. Let it be printed. 

Imprimis. In the first place. 

Impromptu. Spontaneous per- 
formance or composition. 

In coelo quies. There is rest in 
heaven. 

In commendam. Hiding by fa- 
vour for a time. 

In forma pauperis. In the guise 
or disguise of a poor person. 

In limine. At the outset. 

In loco. In the place. 

In propria persond. In person. 



106 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OP 



No. 122. 



In statu quo. In the former 
state. 

In terrorem. As a •warning. 

In toto. Entirely. 

IpsS dixit. He said ; mere asser- 
tion. 

Ipso facto. By the fact itself. 

Item. Also. 

Jure divino. By divine right. 

Jure humano. By human law. 

Jus gentium. The law of nations. 

Lex talionis. Law of retaliation. 

Locum tenens. Deputy. 

Magna Charta, (karta.) The great 
charter. 

Maximum. The greatest height, 
quantity, or extent. 

Minimum. The least. 

Memento mori. Remember that 
thou must die. 

Memorabilia. Remarkable events. 

Meum et tuum. Mine and thine. 

Mirabile dictu. Wonderful to tell. 



Multum in parvo. Much in little 

space. 
NeminS contradicenti, or nem con. 

No one opposing. 
NeminS dissentients, or nem. dis. 

No one dissenting. 
Neplus ultra. Nor further can 

you go ; utmost extent. 
Nisi Dominus frustra. Unless the 

Lord prevent. 
Nolens volens. Willing or not. 
Non compos mentis, or non compos. 

Not of sane mind. 
temporal mores! the times! 

the manners ! 
OmnSs. All. 
Onus. A burden. 
Par nobile fratrum. A noble pair 

of brothers. 
Pater patrice. The father of his 

country. 
Passim. Everywhere; up and 

down. 



No. 123. 



Per annum. By the year. 

Per centum, or per cent. By the 

hundred. 
Per diem. By the day. 
Per se. By himself or itself. 
Posse comitatus. The civil power 

of the county. 
Prima facie. At the first view. 
Primum mobile. The first mover. 
Pro aris etfocis. For our altars 

and homes ; for God and our 

country. 
Pro bono publico. For the pub- 
lic good. 
Pro et contra, or pro and con. For 

and against 
Pro forma. For form's sake. 
Pro rege, lege, et grege. For the 

king, constitution, and people. 
Pro tempore et loco. For the time 

and place. 
Pro re nata. As occasion may 

require. 



Pro hac vicS. For this occasion. 

Pugnis et calcibus. With fists and 
feet. 

Quantum. How much; how many. 

Quantum sufficit. A sufficient quan- 
tity. 

Quid nunc ? What now ? a news- 
monger. 

Qud. Whither ; to the end that ; 
because. 

Quoad. As long as ; whilst ; as 
to ; as much as ; how long ? 
how soon ? 

Quo animo. To what intent? in 
what mood ? 

Quondam. In time past ; formerly. 

Requiescat in pace. May he rest 
in peace. 

Resurgam. I shall rise again. 

Rex et RSgina. The King and 
Queen. 

Scandalum magnatum. Scandal 
against the nobility. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



107 



No. 124. 



Secundum artem. According to 
art. 

Semper tadem or idem. Always 
the same. 

Seriatim. In regular series or or- 
der. 

Simile. A comparison. 

Sic transit gloria mundi. Thus 
departs the glory of the world. 

Sine die. Without a day speci- 
fied. 

Sine qua non. An indispensable 
condition, or requisite. 

Stet. Let it stand. 

Suaviter in modo. Agreeable in 
manner. 

Sui generis. Unique in kind; pe- 
culiar. 

SubjudicS. Under consideration. 

Summum bonum. The chief good. 

Sub poena. Under a penalty. 



Sub rosa. Under the rose ; se- 
cretly. 

Toties quoties. As often as. 

Una voce. With one voice. 

Utile dulci. The useful with the 
agreeable. 

Vade mecum. Go with me ; manual. 

Veluti in speculum. As in a look- 
ing-glass. 

Veni, vidi, vici. I came, I saw, I 
conquered. 

Verbatim. Word for word. 

VUo. I forbid it. 

Vict. By the way of. 

Vice. In the place of ; exchange. 

Vice versa. The terms being re- 
versed ; contrariwise. 

Viva voce. By the living voice. 

Vulgo. Commonly. 

Verba nativa. Words in their 
usual sense. 



A' phis. 
Ap'sis ., 



No. 125. 

ADOPTED GREEK NOUNS AND THEIR PLURALS. 
Singular. Plural. 

Ana' lysis Resolution into constituent parts.. A na' ly ses. 

Antithesis Opposite phraseology, contrast.... An W theses. 

A minute insect infesting cer- 1 A/ ,.* 

tain plants ) A phldes - 

That point in the orbit of a] 
planet which is nearest to or [■ Ap f si des. 
farthest from the primary.... J 
Self-moving machine, usually") 

made to imitate the form and y Au to' ma ta. 
motions of men or animals.... J 
Ba' sis I Foundation ; base ; that on which \ B , 

\ a structure or argument rests. / 

A „/ . / Central line ; line on which a reO A , 
AZ ls \ volving body turns ) AX es ' 

{Torpid state of an insect before ~) 
it assumes its winged or per- \ Chry sa' li des. 
feet form J 



Auto' ma ton... 



Cri' sis. 



f Extreme point in the progress! 

■I of a disease or of an affair, at [ Cri' ses. 



which it takes a turn J 



108 the people's spelling-book of 

No. 126. 

Singular. Plural. 

{Standard principle by which the ' 
judgement is directed to right - Cri te' ri a. 
conclusion. _ 

(Two points denoting the sepa- ' 
rate pronunciation of the - Di ce' re ses. 
vowels of a diphthong _ 

Dog' ma Settled principle, fixed notion Dogma' ta. 

C Figure by which something is] 

El lip'sis J le , ft 0ut > 0v . al forme * by , a I El lip'ses. 

r ] plane passing obhquely f * 

y through the sides of a cone... J 

{Superior stress of utterance \ 
laid on certain words or parts \ Em' pha ses. 
of a discourse J 

(Diary ; table showing the places "\ 
of the planets every day at J- Ephe me' ri des. 
noon J 

Ephe' meron Being of a day Ephe' me ra. 

Me ta mor'pho m { ^Zm^ZlTI.^l"! } Me ta mor ' ^ s< 

Mi as' ma Noxious exhalation or effluvia. ...Mi as ma' ta. 

O'asis Fertile spot in a desert 0' Uses. 

{Appearance at any one time of] 
the moon or of any thing sub- >- Pha' ses. 
ject to change J 

f Natural appearance of a body] 

m. / under certain circumstances, „. ._ ., 

Phe no' me non. . ■{ , ,, ., . , ' y Phe no' me na. 

'. whether it can or cannot be | 

[ explained J 

The' sis t A P° sition or Proposition ad- j n 
\ vanced for discussion / 



No. 127. 

ADOPTED LATIN NOUNS AND THEIR PLURALS. 

Singular. Plural. 

A ca' cia A thorn, the locust-tree A ca'cioe. 

Ad den' dum. ... ] (Ad den' da. 

or >- Something added or to be added < 

Appen'diz J [ Ap pen' di ces. 

A'pez The point of aleaf, of a seed, &c....A'pi ces. 

*J^ **}******#* $Auro'r«borea'- 

Appara'tus...'.l Too } s > future, weapons, in-j^ /ftw . 
rr \ struments, equipage, &c J rr 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



109 



Singular. 



Plural. 



A nimaV cu lum.. Animal invisible to the naked eye.. A nimaV cu la. 



j One who writes what another \ ^ 



Amanuensis. ^ dictates / 



manu en f ses. 



Calx 

CaV cu lus, 
Ccesu' ra.. 

Corolla..., 

Dc' turn... 



{Lin: 



Ar ca' num A secret ; a mystery Ar ca / na 

Lime, chalk ; mineral'after sub- ~) 
jection to a certain degree of j- CaV ces. 

heat J 

f Concretion in animal bodies ; 

\ branch of algebra 

f Pause to increase the effect in \ 
\ poetical recitation / 

{A little crown ; that part of a ^ 
flower which consists of the V Co rol'lce 
petals, or gay-coloured leaves, j 
f Thing given in a proposition or \ ^ 
\ problem J 



1 CaV cu li. 
Cos su f rce. 



ta. 



No. 128. 

Singular. 

Desideratum ...Thing greatly to be desired 

Efflu' vi um Odour ; exhalation from bodies .... 

■r, ,, f An error ; a mistake in a writing ) 
Erra'tum | Qr ^ *J 

{Point in which the convergent \ 
rays of light or heat meet V 
each other J 

„ , , (A prescribed form; form or\ 

r mu \ rule expressed by symbols.... j 

f Cryptogamous plant, as the] 
„ f mushroom, toadstool, &c. ; I 

un & us 1 spongy excrescence in animal j 

[ bodies J 

Ge / nius A good or evil spirit. 

Ge / nus A kind ; an assemblage of species 

Ia'nis fa'tuus i Wild " fire whicn appears in the") 
ig nisja turn., j ^^ oyer marghy places | 

In' dex An algebraical exponent , 

LameV la A little thin plate or scale 

f Layer of a mineral ; plate of a) 

\ bone, &c j 

Ma f gus Ancient philosopher; a wise man. 

{A substance or space through "| 
which a body passes or is l 
transmitted j 



La' mi na. 



Plural. 
De si de ra' ta. 
Efflu' vi a. 

Er ra f ta. 
Fo' ci. 
For f mu Ice. 



Fun' gi. 

Ge f ni i. 
Ge' ne ra. 

Ig' nes fa' tu i. 

In' dices.* 
La mel' Ice. 

La' mi nee. 

Ma' gi. 

Me' di a. 



*r ~, „„/ j ~, [Note of something to be reO „ r ,, 

Me mo ran' dum{ membere d „ j Memoranda. 

* When the word index means a table of contents, pointer, &c, the plural is indexes. 



10 



110 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 129. 



Singular. 



Plural. 



nr: „.,/*:„ f A mite > a very small thing:) , r . 

Ml nu il a { (plural,) little niceties ?.. } Ml »«'<» <*• 

M n «,w u, m i Impetus ; force of a body in 1 ,, 

Mo men' turn. ... j mo ti on , fMomen'ta. 

Ne'bula A mist, a cloudy appearance Ne'buloz. 

KTn.r „i „, /Kernel; knot or point about) jl. . , . 

Nu ' cle us J which matter collects } Nu ' cle »• 

Panace' a A universal remedy Panace'a. 

t>„/ u, u, m S Article which feeds or nourish- ~| D , . , 

Fa bu lum \ es life, combustion, &c } Fa ' hula ' 

j?„/ jl* m . / Semi-diameter of a circle ; ray, "| D , ,. . 
Ea ' d * us { S poke, &c ...I. } Ea ' dil ' 

*■** { A H^EE^* }*" * ~ 

*"«■ *- {°S ^..".l^j^cula. 

Sti' mu lus Inciting power, motive, spur Sti' mu li. 

&*.»/ u,~» 5 A la y er or flat bed of earth, \ ~. ,. 
Stra ' ium J sand, stone, coal, &c ,} Sira ' ta ' 

Ver'tebra { A |^ f the backbone of ™}Ver'tebra?. 

-i 



Ver' tex. 
Vis' cus. 



The zenith ; the top or crowning ^ 

point of a cone, pyramid, V Ver' ti ces. 

hill&c J 

An intestine, bird-lime Vis' cera. 

A whirlpool; central cavity") 



f 

Vor' tex < formed by a fluid in rapid J- Vor' ti ces. 

( circular motion J 

Sta' men Filament in a flower Sta' mina. 



No. 130. 

FRENCH SOUNDS. 

Final consonants, except I and r, are seldom pro- 
nounced. 

a is pronounced as in far. 

e, final er, et, and ez pronounced a. 

&, ai, final ais, ait, aient, and final es in monosylla- 
bles, like ai in air. 

4 like e, only longer 

e like u in thus ; eu and eux like u in thus prolonged. 

6, au, aux, eux, eaux, final ot and os, like o in go. 

o, in general, like o in of. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. Ill 

s, between vowels, like z, and joined to the latter 
vowel. 

g and j like s in pleasure. This we shall mark zh : 
thus, je vais au lo gis, zhu ve zd lb zhe, I am going 
home. 

u short, luth, lute : no parallel in English : th like t 

u long, du, what is due, duty, obligation. 

Though the u has no parallel in English, the fol- 
lowing direction will, with a little practice, give its 
true sound. Contract the lips firmly in a pouting 
position, as a boy does in whistling ; then, with the 
smallest orifice which will emit sound, keeping the 
lips rigidly fixed, endeavour to pronounce the Eng- 
lish letter e. 

The following sounds, which are formed in the 
throat and terminated in the nose, may be called 

Gutturo-Nasac Sounds. 
an in on un 

These are formed by arresting in the throat, as 
low down and as suddenly as possible, with the root 
of the tongue, each of the English sounds 

a (as in far), ai (as in air), o (as in go), u (as in cup), 
or each of the French sounds, 

aloe, 
thereby throwing the sound into the nose, where it 
is instantly extinguished. The nearest approxima- 
tion to an expression of these sounds by English 
signs seems to be the following, pronounced as 
short as possible, — 

awngh aingh owngh ungh, 

by arresting the sound with the root of the tongue. 

Terminals ending in unaccented e are pronounced 
with a slight, elastic, and sudden relaxing of the pres- 
sure of the preceding consonants, the final e having 
the sound of short u in cup : thus, the terminals que, 
le, lie, ire, ge, ve, re, te, de, me, se, are pronounced ku, 
lit, llyu, tru, zhu, vu, ru, tu, die, mu, su ; the terminal 
u sound being distinctly yet very slightly heard. 

Initial am, an, em, and en are each pronounced 



112 



THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



angh : thus, ample is pronounced angh plu ; emplette, sl 
purchase, is pronounced angh plet tu ; epaulette, d 
po let tu ; etiquette, a tee ket tu ; facade, fa sah du ; fa- 
mille,fa mee llyu; rendezvous, rangh da voo ; mignonette, 
me nyb net tu ; monsieur, md se eu, (r in this word is 
not sounded and eu is the protracted sound of e as in 
the before a consonant ;) messieurs, mes se eu. In other 
words, final r is generally heard. 



No. 131. 



FRENCH WORDS. 



A ma teur. A lover ; an admirer. 

A mour. Love ; person beloved. 

An li que. Old, ancient. 

Bagatelle. Trifle. 

Beau. A fashionable man. 

Bel le. A fashionable woman. ' 

Bou doir. Elegant private room. 

Bui le tin. Official report of facts. 

Bureau. Office; chest of draw- 
ers. 

Ca na'i lie. Mob ; rabble. 

Champetre. Rural. 

Chd teau. Country-seat ; castle. 

Ci-de vant. Former ; heretofore. 

Clique. Faction; party. 

Con nais seur. One capable of 
judging. 

Con tour. Outline of a figure. 

Corps. A body of men. 

Cor te ge. A train of attendants. 

Co lerie. A social party. 

Coup. A stroke or blow. 



Be bris. Fragments ; ruins. 

Be but. Beginning ; first attempt. 

Benou e ment. Discovery of a 
plot. 

Bepot. Store; place of deposit 
or transit. 

Bou ceur. Present ; gratuity ; in- 
dulgence. 

E clair cis se ment. Explanation. 

Eclat. Splendour. 

Eleve. An apprentice; a pupil. 

Em bonpoint. Fulness or plump- 
ness of person. 

Em bou chu re. Mouth of a river, 
cannon, &c. 

En co re. Again ; once more. 

En nu i. Weariness ; vexation ; 
disquiet. 

Entree. Action or place of en- 
tering. 

E pau let te. Shoulder - strap ; 
badge of rank. 



No. 132. 



Eti quet te. Observance of fash- 
ionable formality. 

Fa ca de. Front view of an edi- 
fice. 

Fa mi lie. A family. 

Fe te. A feast. 

Fra cas. A great noise or crash. 

Fran chi se. Exemption ; immuni- 
ty ; candour. 



Gendarmes. Troopers, of the 

king's guard. 
Gout, (goo.) Taste. 
Hau teur. Pride, haughtiness, 

scorn. 
U argent. Money or silver. 
Levee. Morning assemblage at 

court. 
Liqueur. A cordial. 



ENGLISH. 



113 



plural of 
Little darling, a 



Mon sieur. Sir or Mr. 

Messieurs. Gentlemen 
Mr. 

Migno net te. 
flower. 

Na 'i ve te. Ingenuousness. 

Non cha Ian ce. Indifference ; care- 
lessness. 

Ou tre. Preposterous. 

Parole. Speech; word of pro- 
mise. 

Par ter re. Flower-garden. 

Pa tois. Provincial dialect. 

Pen chant. Inclination. 

Prai rie. Extensive natural mea- 
dow. 

Pro tege. One under protection. 

Ragout. Highly seasoned dish. 

Ren con tre. Accidental meeting. 

Rendezvous. Appointed place of 
meeting. 

Re stau rant. Eating-house. 



Reservoir. Basin or cistern for 
water, &c. 

Re stau ra teur. Eating - house 
keeper. 

Rouge. Red, or red paint. 

Ruse. Stratagem. 

Sans. Without. 

Sa vant. A learned man. 

Soi-di sant. Self-styled. 

Soiree. Evening; evening enter- 
tainment. 

Sou ve nir. A remembrancer. 

Sui te. Retinue ; series. 

Sur tout. An upper coat. 

Tapis. Carpet. 

Ti ra de. Violent declamation ; 
abuse. 

Toi let te. Style of dress ; table- 
cover. 

Tour. Circuitous journey. 

Trait. Feature. 

Unique. Sole; excellent. 



No. 133. 

FRENCH PHRASES. 
Aide de camp. Assistant to a general. 
A la mo de. In the fashion. 

A propos. Fit, convenient ; opportunely, in season. 
Beau mon de. The gay world ; people of fashion. 
Bel les let tres. Fine literature. 
Bi llet doux. Love-letter. 
Bon mot. A witty repartee ; a jest. 
Bon ton. Height of fashion. 

Bon ne bou che (bon nil boo shu). A dainty bit or mouthful. 
Bon vivant (bongk veevangh). A jovial companion. 
Car te Man che. White card ; unconstrained power to act. 
Chef d'eeuvre (shd d'euvric). A masterpiece. 
Cheval de /rise. Beam traversed with spikes, used for defence, ") 
Chevauz de fri se (plural), against cavalry, &c. / 

Com me il faut (commit eel fo). As it should be. 
Con ge d'e li re (congh zhd d'a lee ru.) Permission to* choose. 
Coup de grace (coo du grahsii). Finishing-blow to relieve by death. 
Coup de main. Skilful bold stroke. 

Coup d'ozil (coo d'euil). Cursory glance ; brief inspection. 
Coup d'etat. Decisive blow in politics. 
Coup de so leil (coo du sd leil). Stroke of the sun. 
Dejeu ner a la four chet te (da *jeu na ah lah foorshet tit). Breakfast 
with meat, &c. 



*j like s in pleasure. 

" 10* 



114 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 134. 

Dernier res sort (Dairneea ressor.) Last resource. 

Dieu et mon droit. God and my right. 

Don ble en ten dre. Equivocal expression with double meaning. 

En flu te. Carrying guns on the upper deck only. 

En mas se. In a mass. 

En pas sant. By the way. 

En tre nous. Between ourselves. 

Faux pas. False step ; misconduct. 

Feu de joie. Volley of fire-arms at a celebration. 

Fi lie de cham bre (fee lyu dii shang bru). A chambermaid. 

Ho ni soit qui mal y pen se (kdnee swoah kee mal ee panghsu). Evil 
be to him who evil thinks. 

Hon de com bat. Disabled ; out of the combat ; unable to fight. 

Je ne sais quoi (zhit nu sai Jcvjoah). I know not what. 

Jeu d? esprit (zheu d'espree). Play of wit. 

Jeu de mots [zheu dii mo). Play upon words. 

Mul & propos. Improperly; unseasonably; unseasonable. 

Mai tre d'hd tel. Tavern-keeper. 

Mau vai se hon te. False shame ; awkward bashfulness. 

Nom de guer re (nongh da gair ru). Assumed name. 

On dit. They say ; it is said ; a flying rumour. . 

Pe tit mat tre (pu tee mai tru). A fop. 

Qui vive? {kee veevu). Who goes there? sentinel's challenge; (lite- 
rally) who lives ? 

Ruse de guerre (ru*zu duf gair ru). Stratagem of war. 

Sang froid (sangh frwoah). Cold blood ; coolness ; indifference ; pre- 
sence of mind. 

Tete & tete {taitahtaitu). Private conversation of two persons. 

Tou te en sem ble. The entire subject taken in all its bearings. 

Va let de cham bre (vah la dii shangh bru). Gentleman's servant. 

Vi ve la ba ga tel le. Success to sport ; give trifles their proper at- 
tention. 

Vive la reine (vee vu lah rainu). Long live the queen. 

Vis d vis (vee zah vee). Opposite. 



No. 135. 
ABBREVIATIONS. 

POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 

The Cardinal Points are North, East, West, 
South, usually expressed by the initials N. E. W. S., 
which spell the word NEWS. 

On this coincidence, which occurred to the author : 
of this work, while at sea, upwards of thirty years 
ago, he at that time composed the following : — 

• Attempt to say ree with the mouth as in whistling : this gives the true sound. 
f du as in dutch. The r is strongly pronounced. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 115 

North tow'rd the icy pole I go ; 
East till I come into the "West : 
West, till I'm East again, and so, 
South to the regions of eternal frost. 

In the N. temperate zone, when a man faces the 
pole-star at night, or his shadow at noon, that is, when 
it is shortest, before him is the N., behind him the 
S., on his right the E., and on his left the W. In 
the forest the mossy side of the trees faces N. • 

Middle Points. 

N. E. North East. S. W. South West. 

N. W. North West. S. E. South East. 

Quarter Points. 
N. N. E. North North East. 
N. N. W. North North West. 
E. N. E. East North East. 
W. N. W. West North West. 
S. S. W. South South West. 
S. S. E. South South East. 
W. S. W. West South West. 
E. S. E. East South East. 

Alternate Points. 
N. by E. North by East. 
N. E. by N. North East by North. 
N. E. by E. North East by East. 
E. by N. East by North. 
E. by S. East by South. 
S. E. by E. South East by East. 
S. E. by S. South East by South. 
S. by E. South by East. 
S. by W. South by West. 
S. W. by S. South West by South. 
S. W. by W. South West by West. 
W. by S. West by South. 
W.byN. West by North. 
N. W. by W. North West by West. 
N. W. by N. North West by North. 
N. by W. North by West. 



116 THE people's spelling-book of 



MARINER'S COMPASS. 




No. 136. 
UNITED STATES. U. S. 



Eastern States. 
N. E. New England. 
Me. Maine. 

1ST. H. New Hampshire. 
Vt. Vermont. 
Mass. Massachusetts. 
It. I. Rhode Island. 
Conn. Connecticut. 

Middle States. 
N. Y. New York. 
N. J. New Jersey. 
Pa. Pennsylvania. 
Del. Delaware. 

Southern .States. 
Md. Maryland. 
Ya. Virginia. 
N. C. North Carolina. 
S. C. South Carolina. 



Ga. Georgia. 
Fa. Florida. 
Al. Alabama. 
Lou. Louisiana. 

Miss. Mississippi. 
Texas. 

"Western States. 
Tenn. Tennessee. 
Ark. Arkansas. 
Ky. Kentucky. 
Mo. Missouri. 
O. Ohio. 
Ind. Indiana. 
111. Illinois, 
la. Iowa. 
Mich. Michigan. 
"Wis. Wisconsin. 
O. Oregon. 
Cal. California. 



ENGLISH. 



117 



No. 137. 

THE CALENDAR MONTHS. 

Summer. Autumn. Winter. 

June. Sep. September. Dec. December. 

July. Oct. October. Jan. January. 

Aug. August. Nov. November. Feb. February. 

Thirty days hath September, 
April, June, and November; 
February hath twenty-eight alone, 
And all the rest have thirty-one ; 
Except leap-year, we then assign 
To February twenty-nine. 



Spring. 
Mar. March. 
Apr. April. 
May. 



No. 138. 



A. B. Artium Baccalaureus. Ba- 
chelor of Arts. 

A. D. Anno Domini. In the 
year of our Lord. 

A. M. Artium Magister. Mas- 
ter of Arts. 

A. A. C. Anno ante Christum. 
In the year before Christ. 

A. M. Anno Mundi. In the 
year of the world. 

A. M. Ante Meridiem. Before 
noon. 

A. U. C. Anno urbia conditce. 
In the year from the building 
of the city of Rome. 

B. D. Baccalaureus Divinitatis. 
Bachelor of Divinity. 

Cap. Caput. Head or chapter. 

C. S. Custos Sigilli. Keeper of 
the Seal. 

C. P. S. Custos Sigilli Privati. 
Keeper of the Privy Seal. 

D. D. Doctor Divinitatis. Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 

E. Gr. Exempli gratia. For ex- 
ample. 

Ibid. Ibidem. In the same 

place. 
I. E. Id est. That is. 
Inst. Instans. Present month. 
J. S. M. Jesus Sdlvator mundi. 

Jesus ; the Saviour of the 

world. 



J. H. S. Jesus Hominum Salva- 
tor. Jesus the Saviour of men. 

Lb. Libra. A pound in money 
or weight ; zodiacal sign. 

Lit. Literatim. Letter for letter. 

£ s. d. Libra, solidi, denarii 
(lee bray, sb lee d$e, day nah ree- 
ee). Pounds, shillings, pence. 

LL. D. Legum Doctor. Doc- 
tor of laws. 

L. S. Locum Sigilli. Place of 
the seal. 

M. B. Medicince Baccalaureus. 
Bachelor of medicine. 

M. D. Medicince Doctor. Doc- 
tor of medicine. 

M. S. Memorial Sacrum. Sacred 
to the memory. 

N. B. JVota bene. Mark well. 

No. Numero. Li number. 

P. M. Post meridiem. Afternoon. 

P. S. Post scriptum. After- 
written ; postscript. 

Q. D. Quod dicat. As if he 
should say. 

Q. S. Quantum sufficit. A suf- 
ficient quantity. 

Q. E. D. Quod erat demonstran- 
dum. Which was to be demon- 
strated. 

Q. V. Quod vide. Which see. 

V. or Vid. Vide. See. 

Ult. Ultimo. Lastjponth. 



118 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 139. 

SCRIPT. 

The attributes of good writing are legibility, com- 
pactness, and despatch. 

Legibility depends upon the ellipse or oval, com- 
pactness on the oval form and joining of the letters, 
and despatch on the foregoing, and on keeping the 
pen on the paper, with a uniformly rapid movement, 
from the beginning to the end of each word. 

To acquire the command of hand which is indis- 
pensable in order to become a fine business penman, ^[ 
neither more nor less is required than a pertinacious 
practice in percurring the outline of an ellipse in 
both directions till the operator can draw or strike 
the figure in either with tolerable precision, and also 
the waved line, which is the combination of the two 
opposite movements. And this he should be able to 
do on a large or small scale. 

TO DRAW A PERFECT ELLIPSE OR OVAL. 

Lay a piece of white paper on a smooth board and 
fasten it with two pins two or three inches apart. 
Tie the two ends of a piece of thread and slip the loop 
over the pins, so that it may be somewhat slack : 
then, with a lead-pencil smoothly pointed, stretch the 
thread, and, keeping it uniformly tense, move it en- 
tirely round the pins : the point of the pencil, being 
kept steadily upon the paper, will describe a perfect 
ellipse or oval, which will more or less approach a 
circular form as the loop is more or less slack. 

Having taken out the pins, draw a straight line 
through the points marked by them : this is the dia- 
meter of the ellipse. Through the central point of 
this diameter draw a waved stroke from one end of 
it to the other, like an S, making the arches on the 
opposite sides equal. This waved stroke is called 
Hogarth's line of beauty. On both sides of the dia- 
meter make this line, which will resemble the figure 8. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 119 

With a continuous movement, first with a pencil 
and afterwards with a pen, percur the outline of the 
oval at least twenty or thirty times, from right to 
left, and then as often in the contrary direction, till 
the movement in both becomes familiar. In the 
same manner percur the figure 8 round the diameter. 
Then combine the movements, going once round the 
oval and once round the figure 8, alternately, from 
right to left, striking into the figure 8 at the top ; then 
in the contrary direction, striking into the figure 8 at 
the bottom ; after which percur in the same manner 
the outlines of the capital letters, and combine them 
in continuous movement with the oval, with the 
figure 8, and with each other. This practice perse- 
vered in, first on a large and then on a smaller scale, 
will give great command. 




120 THE people's spelling-book op 

No. 140. 
"Write the large and small alphabets, first on a 
large and then on a reduced scale. After this is ef- 
ficiently done, make the lower and upper turns, join- 
ing the lower at one-third of the length from the bot- 
tom and the upper at one-third of the length from 
the top, making several in succession without taking 
the pen from the paper ; after which, proceed with 
joining letters and writing words and phrases, as in 
the following examples. All the small letters of 
every word should be written from beginning to end 
without taking the pen from the paper. 



amui;. W7mm. 




JYYUI ) JYUAJ ) JYWAAl , JWWVUA) . 

Q&fU. &e6. <gat. @Dop. SM. &ea>. ffoo^e. 
•CsWawfc. %Jvea>. ^W- *Jiotte. Juoamv-. 
*^w>wifc. Jywitfedi,. 'crutme. £2lwcwi. 
0l9oo<ft,. cnvcm. ^Jiaer. ^vbfaad. ^l/ifier. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



121 



No. 141. 

After a little practice, the longest words, such as 
the following, will be written with ease from begin- 
ning to end without taking the pen from the paper. 

t/x/i^^m^. ■'Y(Z/-&tt'Z'£'Z't<t<?zie<Z. '^P-c^yt'P^t-^^^t't^f'i^^. 

<S?) • • J 7 • <& / - /■ 

^Zy / -<Z'*^t'C^t€a^t^. ■Y?'?4.'C-&**t-t't4'**i. SL/^-z-*&t4<*?.-<&X't-0'ja.. 
"C^&exjt'T'tr^&'e.crfC'Z. <^0^t-*^t^t^t^e^Ci^i^t. <-/-**t4<*t<t<t'ri-tj£t-e<Z. 






tlA^C-i^-^, 



">-n.-€-a>c<f — 



'£&tt'ce. 



!-e-c-t-e>-t4-cf^i^a-<f . 






'■frt-wi -t^t-ei -t*<f'tt'e<i<2. 




'LZf1&-<74Z-<V€ Z-^Z tf -#*</ 



No. 142. 

e ao&i not eaten j 



tS&n 

ne man id tvede wno 4. 



122 THE people's spelling-book of 



zS& wide den ma/tern a auzd /amer. 

ff c ida / om id {fetter man weaud. 
6itner attentat not, or accomfUidA. 
d/itfojf dew, out o4 danaer. 
wondicter cacri daw uour tadf. 
^/)eatn, id- tne com?no?i devt. 
t/enttene&d m manner; viaour in action. 
•beaten feum id me daJedt. 



'ne /te veaetd anotner. 



No. 143. 



6^cW\aaa) Ak AM hm\k al) luAJbmeWx. (§yx) 

yvoA) kaiXu), WI) JwiU x!\1uixjykx) xxAAoam) aW) modx. 
VSxMvxWl'YYwmA) Aii xx) x^jv\Aa/vuax\A) WiA). ^xiWke) nc 

/VXA3LAA) .iVWSi JYYlOiVVK (^XXMUCM) XW\x\) JLoAA/UJ 



main) 

AA1XXM«) 



A*) imaiwiA) /eiloMi. (jfajbal a& xloxsxaj lio) 



&xl) A& MAfcXXWSO m AaAUAA) AAJjJh) AIm) WvYVUM). 

d mat) WiwAiMh JUa^'y^Aa) ixkaAA) Am) maAMXi). 
I) ALoaa) aajjOaAAm) Am) aauM, xjuuxwI) x^wyuaxw) 
mxW) jwoA). AJmJi) /u*) Aj*) jyioS maxim). 




123 

/vwe) 1 VU G&aa), Am) ma Wtt\) <A) AJru) aaam). <§!«) 

jyvoA), je/viuem) ajyv) AxbA). diyumu) aaum\) ta aaajv\) 



■ ■ * VVw) /me,a/Yvb. £)^& rmami 



MiJ) . § jVa/Yiu) 

W,ojvA)JUAaje) •. yw A^mWleja Ay 

&aw) W AAUiAom) IajyuI) oaaa) <3^aa). vJAxe) — 

AwmaJ aJx me) aaumy) <yl) IaL). qDaaA) jvxoA) Al) tke) 

AaaW joV) Ag^aWa. V^aaA) A~W) xi,muWajYvu) ol) like) 

AXAaOAAk. (S^Uk*) AUAA/YYUk aJI) AAlfcAA) JloJMM) JUL). 

(§ Al) =aeAua\) Aiv tltu) /imu) to. kaMkvYU&x. (yke) 

aaM cl) Xeliouxa a/yv) MOAxtw jollem) £,aAlbj& AAmvmeJvu) 
xUca-u). t\Kke) /makeK mm WUaiua^u) juxWw >aA) 

Ake) xmWA) \k maiamIaaA). ^UA&AeAw*) Ak aiyx AM kcwwA] 

All) Ake) AAuAm). \UbAoiYY\) Ak JYloA) ixiiyVXCMYX/lAfYWOAAA 

Ik) kvioAvAeAac) . ^lAyWUkan&vAk MnAxvUek JU&cW 

aa). ^xxavAW aK Ake) Um)=Ajuvyu) du IX 

^VXOA) AAUmOAAA) WoJVAWaIci*) Aix AAA) *AXAA). 



AAU 



Xm) AMuOdC 



124 THE people's spelling-book of 



SECTION VII. 

DICTATION. 

CHIEFLY TAKEN FROM THE RED BOOK, BY WlLLIAM BEARCROFT. 

Lessons to be written on slates by pupils in class. The more 
nearly equal the pupils are in age and advancement, the better. 

Method. 

The pupils being comfortably seated at a table which should 
either be entirely level or have very little slope, each with a 
clean slate and a piece of good slate-pencil of about half the 
length of the forefinger and not too finely pointed, the teacher 
or monitor proceeds to dictate the lesson, at first very slowly, 
two, or, at most, three words at a time, in a very clear and 
distinct manner, and the pupils write simultaneously, being 
strictly prohibited, by command or distance, (distance, if at- 
tainable, is best,) from looking on each other's slates. After 
a complete sentence is written, the dictator should distinctly 
read it again before he proceeds to the next, making a pause 
of half a minute. 

The lesson being finished, each boy should write his name 
in full at the bottom, invert his slate, and lay it on the table. 
The slates may then be examined by as many monitors as there 
are boys in the class, and words which are misspelled should be 
underlined and other errors properly noted, but not corrected 
till after a second trial. The mistakes which remain uncor- 
rected may then be entered in a book kept for that purpose, 
opposite the names of the pupils respectively, a review of 
which at the end of each week will prove a great stimulus to 
exertion. 

Experience has proved that this is not only the very best 
method of teaching orthography, but writing also; for, by the 
shortness of the pencil, the action is thrown to the points of 
the fingers, and the pupils soon acquire a firm, bold, easy, and 
rapid hand. Nor are these, by any means, all its advantages : 
in the hands of a skilful teacher it may be made to subserve 
the purpose of a lesson in reading, parsing, punctuation, and 
mnemonics, which are essential preliminaries to composition. 



PLAIN. COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 125 



No. 144. 

1. Abel Smith is so weak that he is not able to come to 
town this week. 

2. It is right to accept a present, except when it is an im- 
proper one. 

3. It is not easy to procure access to some great men from 
the excess of pride and grandeur with which they are sur- 
rounded. 

4. Thomas has lost his Accidence, and also his dictionary : 
by. these accidents he is deprived of the means of prosecuting 
his studies. 

5. Many affect an air of importance, which does not al- 
ways produce the effect they intend. 

6. I advise you to give due attention to the advice of your 
preceptor. 

7. The heir to a large estate assumes an air of conse- 
quence among those who breathe the same air with himself 
and often are* his superiors in every thing but fortune. 



No. 145. 

1. The hare is a wild animal, covered with a kind of fur 
mixed with long hair. 

2. You know the difference between the arc of a circle and 
the ark in which Noah and his family were preserved from 
the flood. 

3. All shoemakers use a tool commonly called an awl. 

4. In ancient times it was customary to offer sacrifices upon 
an altar: this kind of worship was altered, and afterwards 
abolished by the establishment of the Christian religion. 

5. Scholars ought not to be allowed to speak aloud to one. 
another in the school. 

6. Anne does not mind her work : she is an idle girl. 

7. The sailors put an anker of brandy on board, and then 
weighed anchor and set sail for Holland. 

8. Til show you a monument in the south aisle of this 
church, which has lately been erected for a native of the isle 
of Ely, in Cambridgeshire. 

9. In his late reign, Bonaparte rode over a rough road in 
a storm of rain and broke the rein of his bridle. 

* are is pronounced like the letter r. 
- — 



126 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 146. 

1. A quadruped has four feet. The two hind feet are 
called lower extremities and the two fore feet upper extremi- 
ties. 

2. He went forth the fourth time late at night, and 
brought home a wounded knight, whom no one could know. 
He was found in a grassy lane, where he had lain for seve- 
ral hours. 

3. Some part is already gone from the sum of our lives, 
and the present hours only are ours. 

4. He went to Rockaway to see the sea. Such a scene he 
had never seen. 

5. Boards are made from fir-tvees, and hats of beavers' fur. 

6. Lair is a contraction of layer; stair of stayer. 
Prayer is shortened in sound, but not in spelling. 

7. Don Quixote was a knight-errand; his companion San- 
cho was an arrant simpleton, and was sent on many a foolish 
errand by his master. 



No. 147. 

1. The ascent up the hill is so steep that I can hardly 
assent to walk to the top of it. * 

2. The man fell from his horse and remained without any 
assistance till the surgeon and two of his assistants arrived 
from town and dressed his wounds. 

3. The attendants on company at inns are obliged to be 
always ready in attendance when strangers arrive. 

4. An auger is a carpenter's tool; and an augur is one 
who pretends to foretell future events by signs. 

5. Bale signifies a package of goods in a cloth cover; and 
hail is surety given for the release of a prisoner from custody. 

6. While the man stopped to bait his horse at the inn, I 
inquired if he would bate any thing of the price he asked for 
him in the morning. 

7. Baize is a kind of cloth, and bays the imaginary crown 
of a poet. 

8. Barbara Stockdale thought that the barberry-tree had 
been brought from Barbary in Africa. 



127 



No. 148. 



1. The little boy was hare- headed, and could hear heat 
and cold without injury to his health. He was much pleased 
when he saw the hear dance. 

2. The manor of the haron was not profitable, because 
the soil was barren and was cultivated in a negligent manner. 

3. Bass, in music, signifies low, and base conduct has the 
same general meaning. 

4. The Turkish Bey rode upon a hay horse, at the funeral 
of the Bey of Algiers, who died one day last week. 

5. It must he a cruel act to murder a hec for its honey; 
and yet this is constantly done. 

6. I took a walk on the beach, where the prospect was 
dreary and where neither hedge nor shady beech could be 
found to shield me from the burning rays of the sun. 

• 7. Cesar Johnson has been* in the field pulling beans. 
He thrashed them, and put them into a bin. 



No. 149. 

1. Eusebius began to heat Benjamin, because he refused 
to give him a piece of beet-root which he was eating. 

2. The belles and beaux were assembled at Bowbells. 

3. The Indian carried his bovj, but would not bow. 

4. Beer is a well-known malt liquor: a bier was formerly 
used to carry the dead to the grave. 

5. A berry is a kind of fruit : to bury signifies to inter 
the dead. 

6. It is better to be a peacemaker than a bettor of wagers. 

7. The wind blew so hard that Helen lost her bonnet, and 
also a blue handkerchief which she had on her neck. 

8. It is common to bore a hole through the nose of a boar, 
and to put a ring in it. 

9. Isaac Mason broke his leg, and was borne to his house 
by three men, on the day that his first child was born. This 
misfortune he has borne with the greatest fortitude. 

10. Some of the boroughs of England, deserted by men, 
afford hurroivs for rabbits. 

* Been rhymes with seen, and bin with pin. 



128 THE people's spelling-book op 

No. 150. 

1. Christopher made a bow to his uncle, and, as he was 
turning round to the company, his hat was snatched off by the 
bough of a tree. 

2. When we arrived at Brest, my fellow-traveller got a 
fall, and hurt both his arms and his breast. 

3. The artillery-men immediately applied themselves to the 
breech of the gun, and, pointing it at the wall of the castle, 
soon made a breach in it. 

4. A Briton is a native of the island of Great Britain. 

5. By industry and economy, the man has saved as much 
money as will buy a cow. 

6. The brewer takes care to bruise or grind his malt before 
he brews his beer. 

7. It is not known whether Cain killed his brother Abel 
with a walking-ccme or with some other weapon. 

8. A calendar is a register of the months and days of the 
year : a calender is a press in which clothiers smooth their 
cloth. • 

9. A canon is a rule or law; and a great gun used in war 
is called a cannon. 



No. 151. 

1. Rome is the capital of Italy; and the Capitol is an 
ancient building in it. 

2. The sealing of a letter and the ceiling of a room are 
differently spelled. 

3. The man offered to sell his honey before it was drained 
from the cells of the combs. 

4. A censer is a vessel in which incense is burned, and a cen- 
sor was an officer in Rome. 

5. The cession of Java to the Dutch was settled by an 
act of the last session of parliament. 

6. The chord-lmQ of an arc of a circle resembles the cord 
of a bow. 

7. From the site of the old castle, a delightful view bursts 
upon the sight at once. 

8. The man was cited to appear before the magistrate, who, 
being a little short-sighted, did not immediately know him. 

9. Alexander Clarke had many debts owing to him, and 
he sent his cleric to collect them. 



COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 129 



No. 152. 

1. The clause of a sentence is not written like the claws of 
a bird. 

2. Such is the course of things in this world, that the rich 
live sumptuously, and the poor on coarse and homely fare. 

3. Do you know the difference between the core of an apple 
aud a corps of soldiers ? 

4. Many of my correspondents inform me that the coun- 
try is in a disturbed state ; and, from a correspondence with 
some friends in Ireland, I learn that there are many disaffected 
persons in that country also. 

5. The Privy Council is composed of ministers of state, 
who meet to give advice and counsel to the King of England. 

6. Remember that a courier is a messenger, and that a 
currier is a dresser of leather, and also that they are differently 
pronounced. 

7. The two ships Astrea and Jason sailed to cruise in the 
Mediterranean Sea; but, their crews becoming unhealthy, they 
were obliged to return. 

8. Minx, a pert, wanton girl, is sometimes confounded 
with mink, a small black quadruped valued for its fur. 



No. 153. 

1. In the culture of some plants the farmers use a plough 
without a coulter. 

2. You have written currant, a fruit, instead of current, a 
stream of water. 

3. Eustace Williamson deserted the table before the des- 
sert was upon it. 

4. Dew is the condensed moisture of the atmosphere ; and 
a debt is due when it ought to be paid. 

5. There is a great difformity between beauty and de- 
formity. 

6. The disease was so violent that the man was not able 
to make his will before his decease. 

7. The American sailors are active, and their vessels are 
very fast sailers. 

8. Arthur Dunn went to York to transact some business, 
and when he had done, he returned on his dun mare. 



130 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 154. 

1. Some mistake e'er — that is, ever — for ere, before; and 
others for ear of the head. 

2. Several manuscripts are still extant in the Museum, 
from a perusal of which, this history has been carried to a 
greater extent than was at first proposed. 

3. You say you are faint and weak, which is only a feint 
to deceive us. 

4. I would fain know why you feign to be sick, when you 
are really not ill. 

5. We went to Doncaster fair, and saw many gentlemen 
and many fair ladies : at dinner we did not fare very well; 
so we ordered a chaise, paid the fare, and came home to tea. 

6. Little Frank walked farther than his sister, who soon 
grew tired and was carried in her father's arms. 

7. The crazy girl had the floor of her room strewed with 
daisies and other fiowers, and the table covered with four, 
like that of a bakehouse. 



No. 155. 

1. The water was very foul and muddy, but we found 
plenty of wild fowl near it. 

2. Mr, Francis Johnson and Miss Frances Murray are 
cousins, and much alike. 

3. Fungous flesh sometimes rises in wounds : a fungus is a 
mushroom. 

4. Eliza met us at the gate : she has grown much, but her 
gait is very awkward. 

5. The boat in tow has passed the tower : when the clouds 
hang low, they are said to lower. 

6. The jester was a great mimic, and amused the company 
with his odd gestures as well as with his wit. 

7. A member of the guild or corporation was employed to 
gild the ornaments within the room. 

8. Picture-frames are gilt with gold. Wicked men are 
often miserable : their guilt stares them in the face. 

9. With all his grandeur and state, Mr. Pemberton's house 
is grander than his. 

10. The grate is large, and the fire is proportionably great. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 131 



No. 156. 

1. They bent the boughs like a bow to form & bower. They 
could not show the fireworks, on account of the shower. 

2. This soldier looks very sad ; he grieves because he has 
lost the greaves which protected his legs from danger. 

3. The park-keeper killed one of the deer; it was a young 
hart, and instantly fell, being shot through the heart. The 
flesh of it was sold very dear. 

4. A well-sheltered and secure haven is a kind of heaven to 
mariners after a storm. 

5. Nathan's shoe has hurt his heel, and he has applied a 
plaster' to heal it. 

6. Come here, and you shall hear the organ. 

7. You may go and see the ewe and lamb under the yew- 
tree. 

8. There was another tree of the same green hue, and Hugh 
Wright came and hewed it down with his axe. 



tfo. 157. 

1. Sibyl Anderson entertained him much by singing a hymn. 

2. If we work hard, we shall have our liberty in about half 
an hour. 

3. The heathens worship idols ; and some who are called 
Christians are too idle to go to church. 

4. The impostor escaped before the imposture was disco- 
vered. 

5. Rebecca sat down in the house before she knew that it 
was an inn. 

6. Samson Kussel has got a little insight into his trade, 
and this will incite his curiosity and awaken a desire to be- 
come more thoroughly acquainted with the subject. 

7. Learned men indite letters, and jurors indict felons. 
S.'We do not read in the Bible that trial by jury, as with 

us, was used in Jewry, by the ancient inhabitants. 

9. The fox was killed near the brick-kiln. 

10. Take care that you do not write the nave of a wheel for 
a cheating knave. 

11. Phebe Watson knew not that Ursula Hill was a new 
scholar. 



132 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 158. 

1. The farmer mows his hay and packs it away in his moics; 
and sows his grain to feed his soivs. 

2. Phillis was not able to untie the knot; and so she cut it 
with a knife. 

3. Little Joe's mother said to him, Lay by your book, and 
go and lie down on the bed. Joe very willingly laid down 
his book, but took up a dish to lade water out of a tub in the 
kitchen. At length he grew tired, and went to bed, and, 
having lain about an hour, he got up and walked down the 
lane to seek his brother. 

4. The man who lacks religion is lax in his morals. 

5. A Latin scholar should know that latten is a kind of 
brass, or thin plates of iron covered with tin. 

6. The gentleman led me up the hill to see the lead-mine. 
The ore is called galena. 



No. 159. 

1. A legislator is a member of the legislature. 

2. The boy knew how to lessen his work, and accordingly 
said a very short lesson. 

3. Lettice Agar would not eat salad with lettuce in it. 

4. After the levee, the king proposed to levy a tax on ships 
employed in the Mediterranean Sea. 

5. A liar is not believed even when he speaks the truth. 
A Her in wait for others is often detected. A lyre* is a mu- 
sical instrument. 

6. The lynx broke two links of his chain, and, finding him- 
self loose, he escaped from his keeper, who was sorry to lose 
him. 

7. The soup was made by Mrs. Aston's maid, who is a very 
good cook. 

8. The king's champion wore a coat of mail at the (prona- 
tion ) and the racuT-coaches were decorated with ribbons : the 
concourse of persons, both male and female, was immense. 

9. The sailor, who was not accustomed to riding, seized the 
horse's mane as he would have done the main-sail of a ship. 

* The letter y in this word has not the alphabetic sound, but that of 
i in fire, like the German ei in /em. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 133 



No. 160. 

1. Indian corn (in Botany, Zea Mays) is called maize. It 
does not grow in England, and the sight of our fields might 
amaze a stranger. 

2. While the rowers were engaged in a row on shore, their 
boat, which was not tied to the dock, was drifted away by the 
tide* 

3. Martin Graham did not know that the word marten is 
applied to an animal of the weasel-kind, as well as to a species 
of swallow. 

4. I cannot excuse your not knowing that a matrass is a 
vessel used by chemists, and that a matrice is a letter-mould ; 
but you ought to know that a mattress is a quilted bed, and 
matross, a soldier. 

5. Mead is a liquor made of the honey collected by bees 
from flowers in the meads. These industrious insects receive 
no other meed for their labour than to be barbarously destroyed. 
In the country of the Medes, the honey is not taken in the 
same way. 



No. 161. 

1. Elizabeth, take care of that medal, and do not let the 
child meddle with it. 

2. The steward placed the meat before him, and proceeded 
to mete out the portion of every one present. A quantity of 
ale meet for such a company was then brought in, of which 
every one took what was sufficient. 

3. Metal signifies gold, iron, &c. ; but mettle means spirit, 
courage, or vivacity. 

4. The hay in the mow was cut by the mower. 

5. A microscope might show you a mite in the cheese you 
are eating. 

6. The proprietor of the estate is a minor of seven years of 
age ; and the colliery upon it has been let to a miner on lease 
for fourteen years. 

* In the word tide, i is not alphabetic like that in tied, bnt has the 
sound of ei in the German fein. 

~" ~* ~~~~ 12 ~~"~ """ "" 



134 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 162. 

1. Alice Murphy was crossing the moat, to see the castle, 
when she got a mote into her eye. 

2. The boat was filled with iron-ore, and was rowed by four 
sailors with oars. 

3. It is our intention to stay half an hour only. 

4. Here conies Esther with her milk-pail. She looks very 
pale and sickly. 

5. Michael, you have broken two panes of glass; therefore 
you must order the glazier to repair them for your pains. 

6. Here is a fine pear. Susanna, will you pare it for me ? 
Do, and I will lend you a pair of scissors. 

7. This palace is too magnificent for a mortal. Pallas, the 
goddess of wisdom, might be content to reside here. 

8. Samuel, there are three words that I think you can 
spell, — viz. : palate, the organ of taste ; palette, a painter's 
board; and pallet, a little bed. 

9. Mr. Paul Sanby was one of the^aft-bearers at the fune- 
ral. 



No. 163. 

1. Emanuel Pole, Esq., had more votes at the close of 
the poll than either of the other candidates. 

2. A pastor is the minister of a congregation : it also signi- 
fies a shepherd who feeds his flock in a pasture. 

3. The doctor's patients waited till the patience of some of 
them was exhausted. 

4. After a little pause, the cat sprung forward and caught 
the mouse in her paws. 

5. My companion was much piqued at one of the guides 
who showed us the wonders of the Peak in Derbyshire. 

6. The vicar received a visit at the parsonage, from the 
bishop of the diocese. This is the first time that he has had 
the honour of entertaining so great a personage. 

7. We walked over a large plain, and saw some fine syca- 
mores or plane-trees. On our return, we were accompanied 
by a joiner with a plane and other tools upon his shoulder. 

8. The plaintiff had lost his trial, and in & plaintive voice 
was lamenting the uncertainty of the law. 



135 



No. 164. 



1. The laundrymaid plaits linen ; the silversmith makes 
silver plate ; and the potter supplies us with plates for the 
table. 

2. If you please we will attend the Court of Common Pleas 
to-morrow. 

3. The wall stands quite plumb, and an Orleans jp?wm-tree 
grows against it. 

4. Helen presented me with a volume of poesy, just pub- 
lished, and my little sister with &posy of flowers. 

5. A popular speaker addressed the populace, who were as- 
sembled under the shade of some poplar-tiees near the town. 
As the country is very populous, the meeting was large. 

6. The Sublime Porte has laid a duty on every pipe of port 
wine imported into any of the Turkish ports. 

7. The apothecary recommended a potion which he had 
prepared ; but, being bitter, his patient left a portion of it in 
the cup. 

8. To practise writing-essays is extremely useful, and ought 
to be the regular practice of every school. 



No. 165. 

1. The robber preys upon the property of the public. He 
neither prays to Grod for pardon for his sins, nor does he praise 
him for the health he enjoys. 

2. The first President of the United States was a man of 
great abilities, and left an excellent precedent for his succes- 
sors to copy after. 

3. The late precenter of the cathedral was very munificent : 
he was the presenter of the beautiful chandelier which now 
adorns the church. This and some other valuable presents 
arrived soon after the death of the donor, and were opened in 
the presence of the archbishop and the dean and chapter. 

4. The principles of religion are unknown to the natives of 
the country, and this is the principal cause^of the cruelty of 
their nature. 

5. The prophet foretold the destruction of Jerusalem, and 
the dispersion of the Jews ) but the people did not profit by 
his advice. 



136 the people's spelling-book of 



No. 166. 

1. This is less excusable than writing rabbit, an animal, 
for rabbet, a joint in carpentry, which is sometimes done. 

2. Winter not only deadens the appearance of the vegeta- 
ble tribe, but threatens to raze them from the face of nature. 
Spring, on the contrary, brings new life, and the drooping 
plants begin to raise their heads as soon as they become 
warmed by the genial rays of the sun. 

3. There are three words which sometimes puzzle learners, 
— viz. : raiser, one who lifts any thing up ; razor, to shave with; 
and razure, the act of taking out or obliterating an error in 
writing. 

4. I have read the book with the red cover and think it a 
very entertaining one. 

-5. If you read the story of Pan, you will discover the ori- 
gin of the Pandean pipe of unequal reeds, now so much in 
vogue among musicians. 

6. The boy threatened to wrest the whip from his brother, 
and could not rest till he had got it. 



No. 167. 

1. The wretch procured some poison, and mixed it in a pud- 
ding for his employer' s dinner : the poor man had no sooner 
eaten of it, than he fell sick, and began to retch violently. 

2. The man is a rigger of ships : he has caught cold, and, 
from the rigors with which he is affected, a fever may be the 
consequence. 

3. James Wright, the wheel wright, who is too ignorant to 
write his name, has thought it right to attend to the rites and 
ceremonies of the Church. 

4. Margery began to wring her hands as soon as she dis- 
covered that her wedding-ring was lost. 

5. The gentleman mounted his horse and rode straight to 
York, from whence he took the road to Hull, and arrived 
there the same evening. The next day he. embarked in a ship 
bound for Rhode Island. 

6. Rose-trees were planted in rows on each side of the gar- 
den. 

7. The gentlemen of former times, who were somewhat 
rough, wore large ruffs about their necks. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 137 

No. 168. 

1. Mr. Nautilus is become a bankrupt, and the sale of his 
goods is advertised for Wednesday next. The stock is large 
and consists of anchors, blocks, sails, masts, &c. 

2. A gentleman threw himself into the river Seine a few 
days ago, and was drowned. For some time past it had been 
observed that he was not of sane mind. 

3. A satyr, among the heathens, was a horned monster, with 
the upper parts like a man and the lower like a goat : a satire 
is a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured. 

4. Richard is known to be a saver of money, but this trans- 
action savours a little of parsimony. 

5. The scenes in Covent-Garden theatre are the most beau- 
tiful that I have anywhere seen. 

6. The lady sent ten cents to the perfumer's for some orris- 
root to scent her clothes. 

7. Master Henderson was so silly as to believe that the 
Scilly Islands are in America. 

8. Sculpture is the work of a sculptor or carver. 



No. 169. 

1. The cloth certainly did seem to be of one piece, for there 
was no visible seam in it. 

2. To sear means to burn. A seer is a prophet. Cere is 
a part of a bird's beak. 

3. This officer was the senior captain in the service of the 
Grand Seignior. 

4. Susan has an eye as black as a sloe : she might be a 
clever girl if she was not so slow in learning any thing. 

5. Eagles are accustomed to soar aloft in search of prey. 
A sore is an ulcer or wound. 

6. I borrowed a sum of money at the bank in February, 
and intend to return some of it next week. 

7. The sun was hot, and the old man grew faint, when his 
son requested him to repose under the shade of a large oak 
that grew by the side of the road. 

8. A beet-steak and a hedge-stake, though written diffe- 
rently, are pronounced alike. 

9. After he had travelled through several counties, he be- 
came stationary, and settled at Bristol, where he opened a 
shop for books and stationery goods of every description. 

~ _ — . _„ _ 



138 THE people's spelling-book op 



No. 170. 

1. Several bars of steel were found in the possession of the 
prisoner ; and, though he said he did not steal them, he could 
not prove the purchasing of them, and was, in consequence, 
committed to prison. 

2. As the young sucher depends upon the parent tree for 
support, so does the soul look to the Universal Parent for 
succour in time of need. 

3. First weigh the box, and note down the gross weight; 
then take out the goods, and weigh it when empty ; this lat- 
ter weight will be the tare, which must be deducted from the 
gross : afterwards you may tear the box to pieces for fuel. 

4. To mistake the word tear, which is water from the eye, 
for tier, a row, shows great want of attention to orthography. 

5. This part of the country teems with sheep and fine 
teams of horses. 

6. After the conclusion of the revolutionary war, many per- 
sons with their families went into France ; and some appear 
disposed to settle there. 



No. 171. 

1. Give to your sister those two peaches ; and, when your 
task is finished, you shall have some too. 

2. When he was at Vienna, he compiled a treatise on the 
late war, which contained copies of all the treaties entered into 
between the two nations. 

3. A small bottle is called phial or vial, and both differ 
from viol, a musical instrument. 

4. Scholars frequently think so much of the vacations, that 
their minds are less employed in their respective vocations 
than they ought to be. 

5. The verb to wane means to decrease. A wagon is some- 
times called a wain. 

6. Samuel has torn the waist of his coat, which is almost a 
new one : he ought not to waste his clothes thus. 

7. Where have you been to sell your ware f I think you 
were here last summer and had on the same clothes you now 
wear. 

8. This is the proper time for planting mint and thyme and 
many other herbs. 



139 



No. 172. 

1. The cabinet-maker would not tell us whether the table 
was made of mahogany or Bay wood. 

2. Charles, if you had not submitted your neck to the yoke 
of idleness, you could not have made a blunder about the 
yolk of an egg. 

3. He wrote an essay on the art of assaying metals. 

4. A carat is a weight of four grains ; and a carrot is a 
well-known garden-root : caret signifies wanting. 

5. To cede signifies to give up the possession of property : 
this is written differently from seed, the organized particles 
which produce plants. 

6. Cole is a species of cabbage, and coal a combustible mi- 
neral. The workmen in coal-mines are called colliers. 

7. The lady's jewels had, a few days before, been carefully 
deposited in a shagreen case and given to the care of a ser- 
vant, who was no sooner in possession of the valuables than 
he absconded with them. The disappointment and chagrin 
occasioned by this loss were very great. 



No. 173. 

1. The dispute rose so high that Johnson, in a fit of choler, 
struck Murray in the face, and then, taking him by the col- 
lar, threw him upon the floor. 

2. The English Chronicle contains an account of a sur- 
prising cure of a chronical disease by the use of the Bath 
waters. 

3. We are not told whether the first caress-trees intro- 
duced into this country were brought from Cyprus or else- 
where. 

4. The officer was a Dane, and appeared not to notice the 
multitude, nor did he deign to return the salutes of those who 
approached him. 

5. To limn means to paint, and a limner is a painter. His 
art is applied to the representation of a single limb, as well as 
to that of the whole body. 

6. The man had received very serious injury, and a few 
days after the accident the discharge from his wound became 
serous, and his life was considered in danger. 



140 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 174. 

1. It has already been shown that, previous to the com- 
mencement of the eruption, the weather was remarkably fine, 
and that the sun shone very brightly on the preceding day. 

2. To slight means to despise or neglect. A juggler per- 
forms tricks by sleight of hand. 

3. The doctor wrote a tract, in which he describes the 
track of the ship Theseus, in her voyage to New Holland. 

4. He was wrapping up the letter, when a loud rapping at 
the door announced the arrival of his friend, to whom the let- 
ter was directed. 

5. It is common for a robber to flee from his pursuers. 
Birds fly because they have wings. A flea leaps like a grass- 
hopper. 

6. The farmer was a strong and hale old man : his consti- 
tution was proof against the heat of summer and the cold of 
winter, and the snow and hail of the latter season appeared 
to affect him no more than the genial showers of spring. 

7. A horse will neigh when he sees companions. Nay is 
a word of denial. 



No. 175. 

1 . The weight of the bale of goods was so great, that the 
porter was obliged to wait for assistance before he could re- 
move it. 

2. The whole house was dirty : the chairs, tables, and fur- 
niture in general were not bright; nor was aught in order as 
it ought to have been. 

3. The poor bird/ew about the room some time ; and, after 
many efforts to escape, it gained its liberty by going up the 
flue of a chimney. 

4. Brian Wilson has bought a new axe, and now he hacks 
and hews every tree he comes near. These acts may one 
day subject him to punishment. 

5. Ladies use light and airy dresses in summer, and warm 
clothing in winter. Many animals wear hairy coats both 
in summer and winter. 

6. The left hand would be much more useful if parents 
and nurses did their duty. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 141 



No. 176. 

1. My aunt tells me that the houses in India are much 
haunted by a kind of insect called the white ant, which is 
very troublesome to the inhabitants of that country. 

2. 1 ate some beef without any thing to it but bread, for 
I hate mustard. We were eight of us at the table. 

3. Simon pursued his studies with the greatest ardour, and 
made astonishing progress : he was never idle, and wrought 
harder than anybody in the school. 

4. There is no harm in playing at marbles ; but I have 
seen a boy break his arm while playing at cricket. 

5. The boy laid down his bow and arrow, and went into the 
field to harrow some corn. 

6. The poor man told a very artless tale : he found few dis- 
posed to befriend him, and seemed quite disheartened and cast 
down. 

7. Ash- trees are common in hedges. Calf s-head hash is 
a dish much esteemed. 



No. 177. 

1. One boy said he would heat his meat at the fire and then 
eat it. 

2. A fine thorn hedge extended along the edge of the hill. 

3. Bartholomew Gibson wanted higher wages than usual, 
and showed a good deal of ire on finding himself disappointed : 
in consequence, his master would not hire him on any terms. 

4. Lawrence is to have his new coat on Tuesday. 

5. Poor old Isabel cannot walk without taking hold of Pris- 
cilla's arm. 

6. Dogs howl and owls scream in the night 

7. Whether it was owing to the inclemency of the weather, 
or to some other cause, could not be ascertained ; but the 
sheep, wethers as well as ewes, looked much worse than usual 
at this time of the year. 

8. When the surgeon had examined the tumour, he found 
it to be a wen, and proceeded to remove it by the knife. 

9. Doors are sometimes fastened with a hasp. The asp is 
a kind of serpent. 



142 THE people's spelmnq-book oe 



No. 178. 

1. It was very wet and rainy all the way; and, the road 
being very bad, we were detained on our journey much longer 
than* we expected. This served as a stimulus to whet our ap- 
petite for dinner, which had waited our arrival nearly two 
hours. 

2. Which of you is silly enough to believe that the poor old 
woman is a witch ? 

3. Youth and ..beauty, like the leaves of trees, wither and 
decay : this may remind us of the grave, whither we are all 
hastening. 

4. The man began to whine and lament for the loss of his 
money, but when the wine appeared on the table he became 
as cheerful as the rest of the company. 

5. Rime signifies white frost, and rhyme the correspondence 
in sound oi the final \^rds or syllables of verses. 



No. 179. 

Exercises on Words Liable to be Erroneously Written. 

1. The little lambs ran bleating after their dams with their 
ears bleeding from the wounds of the shepherd's knife in 
marking them ; and, seizing the mother's teat, they seemed to 
find in it an alleviation of their sufferings. 

2. The man thought himself weatherwise, and began to 
prophesy in autumn respecting the ensuing winter; but, though 
his prophecy was not fulfilled, he did not appear to be con- 
vinced of his want of experience in the science of meteorology. 

3. The carpenter bored holes through many of the boards 
of the ship's deck, to ventilate or let air into the hold, which, 
from the nature of the lading, had become filled with foul air 
and threatened the health of the crew. This had the desired 
effect, and the sailors completed their voyage in good health 
and spirits. 

4. A breeze is a light wind, and is very refreshing in hot 
weather. To carouse is to drink. To cauterize is to burn 
either with a hot iron or with a caustic medicine. To civi- 
lize signifies to improve in morals and manners. To colonize 
is to plant colonies ; and to compose means to put together. 
An enterprise requires skill and courage to execute it. A 
crosier is the pastoral staff of a bishop. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 143 



No. 180. 

1. Cognizance means knowledge, and confusion want of 
method. To criticize is closely to examine and utter or write 
remarks on the merit of any subject under discussion, and to 
crystallize implies to concrete into solid form, in regularly- 
shaped bodies, from a state of solution. 

2. A plaid is a kind of loose cloak worn by the Scotch or 
natives of North Britain. The word is commonly pronounced 
so as to rhyme with bad, but the Scotch pronounce it as it is 
spelled. ^ 

3. The little girl could not read the book ; so her sister read 
it to her. 

4. Some vague reports of the minister's scheme for raising 
the supplies have found their way into some of the news- 
papers j but those prints which are thought to be more in the 
confidence of government are quite silent, and throw no light 
upon the subject. 

5. A sharper will look you in the face while he cheats you; 
and, though you suspect a fraud, you can seldom mark the 
crime sufficiently to impeach him. Thus villainy continues 
to prowl about the country in search of prey; and thus the 
thief } shielded from detection, continues to steal. 



No. 181. 

1. One of the girls was a pert minx, who did nothing but 
jaunt about from place to place and flaunt with every fop 
within her reach ; while the other, disgusted by the levity of 
her companion, teased with her importunities and wearied 
with travelling about, returned home to her friends. 

2. The dean was seen in the middle of the procession when 
it passed along the green. Though he has a keen eye and a 
noble mien, his horse (which was very lean) made but a mean 
figure in the cavalcade. 

3. Some farmers house their cattle in winter; others choose 
to expose them to the cold out of doors. In summer it is 
pleasant to loose them from confinement and turn them out 
to browse among the trees in the shade. When the weather 
is hot, flies bite them so as to rouse their anger and cause 
them to run about the fields like wild animals. 



144 THE people's spelling-book of 

No. 182. 

1. A countryman was returning from market one evening, 
when his horse took fright and threw him. He lay for some 
time in a sad plight, till a neighbour who happened to pass 
that way discovered him by the light of the moon, which 
then shone very bright. On examining the unfortunate man, 
and finding that his thigh was broken, he tied a handkerchief 
tight about the limb, and then hastened to the next town for 
assistance to take him home. 

2. It is meet and right to rise from your seat when strangers 
come into you# room to greet or salute you. When upon your 
feet, you should in a neat and pleasing manner offer them meat 
or drink, as the hour of the day or the heat of the weather 
may seem to require, and repeat your offer if you think them 
backward in accepting it. 

3. The man took the little boy by the hand, and promised 
to lead him home ; but, after they had passed by the lead- 
mines he led him into a wood, and there left him to find his 
way home as he could. 



No. 183. 

1. The clown stared when he awoke and saw the crowd 
which was about him. He still appeared a little drowsy, and 
it was easy to guess the cause of his being in his present situa- 
tion. In short, he had gone into an inn to quench his thirst, 
and, the day being droughty, he had been thrown off his 
guard, and had drunk a quart of ale at a draught. This done, 
he proceeded on his journey a little way, till the liquor so af- 
fected him that he lay down by the side of the road and fell 



2. The captain of the ship was* so anxious to procure a suf- 
ftcent freight, that some of the passengers, thinking the ves- 
sel would be overloaded, were in a sad fright. In the course 
of the voyage it was found that the ship was really too heavily 
freighted; and, a storm arising, the captain was as much 
frightened as the crew. 

3. A real friend will advise you for your good, and your ac- 
quiescence in his advice will be best shown by following it. 

4. An accessary is one who assists another in committing a 
crime. One thing is said to be accessory to another when 
joined so as to increase it. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 145 



No. 184. 

1. By care and industry the honest man will try to live, 
and will vie with his neighbour in the exercise of every vir- 
tue. He will not pry into the errors of others, but will try 
to avoid them ; and, when he hears any one tell a He, he will 
cry out, with much concern, u O fie! How will you answer for 
this, my friend, when you come to die?" 

2. The house was said to be haunted, and the report might 
have been believed by some of the family, had not a female 
servant, with undaunted firmness, offered to sit up all night 
if any one would accompany her. This proposal was not ac- 
cepted, and the story soon lost its credit ; but Molly did not 
hesitate to taunt one of her partners, who had on a former oc- 
casion spoken rather vauntingly of her courage. 

3. If we take a peep into the haxvest-field, we shall see how 
the mower's scythe cuts down the corn, sweeps it away, and 
leaves it laid in a row. From this row the binder collects a 
heap and makes it into a sheaf. Afterwards, the reapers 
come running and leaping to gather the sheaves and make 
them into shocks to keep them from being steeped by the rain. 



No. 185. 

1. An acid has properties very different from those of an 
alkali ; yet when brought into contact in a state of solution, 
they instantly unite, and, if the quantities have been duly 
proportioned, the properties of both the simples are completely 
changed, and lost in that of the compound. In the language 
of chemistry, the acid and alkali become neutralized by the 
union. 

2. Anodyne medicines are those which ease pain. Those 
called antiscorbutics are good against the scurvy, and antisep- 
tics against mortification. Of a similar construction are 
the words Antichrist, against or opposed to Christ; anti- 
monarchical, against government by a single person : and so 
are also antedate, to date before; antediluvian, before the 
flood; antemeridian, before noon; and many others. 

3. The failure of the enterprise was not attributed to the 
dryness of the weather, nor the shyness of the birds, but to 
the want of slyness in the boy who set and watched the springe. 

~~~ "~ — — — - 



146 THE people's spelling-book of 
No. 186. 

1. Some people show a great deal of zeal for the public 
weal of their country, and are perpetually appealing to their 
own plans for proofs of their patriotism. But if the keel only 
of the state vessel should happen to want repairing, and if, to 
heal the wound, their private interests should be ever so little 
affected, they do not scruple to lift their heel against the public 
interests of the country, and thus sign and seal their own true 
character. 

2. Jack Tar knew how to ply the oar and manage his boat 
as well as any waterman at Whitehall, and could keep his 
vessel afloat when others were sinking. He sometimes wrote 
verses, could repeat many passages from the poets by rote, 
and has been heard to quote Shakespeare when giving his vote 
at a city election. Though he doted on his wife and children, 
yet his economy was sometimes drowned in liquor; and his 
coat has occasionally been sold to buy a pot of porter over 
night, and a banknote exchanged the next morning in Wall 
Street for a worse to supply its place. 



No. 187. 

1. In this enterprise the general achieved great honour, 
and completely retrieved a character of which he had been 
bereaved some months. His friends, however, though grieved 
at the report of his defection, did not believe it, nor did they 
leave a stone unturned to have the subject properly investi- 
gated. These friends did (with great credit to themselves) 
cleave so close as to heave off the load of slander that had been 
heaped upon him, and finally succeeded in undeceiving the 
public, who, though they did not conceive it at first, now be- 
gan to perceive how much they had been abused. 

2. The following words are sometimes written erroneously : 
namely, coddle, to boil slightly ; coddling, a sort of apple suit- 
able for boiling; and codling, (from cod, a fish, and ling, a di- 
minutive,) a kind of fish. In the spelling of these words we 
derive little help from dictionaries. 

3. Tom Jones the brazier is a quarrelsome, fcrazeft-faced fel- 
low. He threw down my gun and broke the trigger ; but I 
obliged him to braze it together again, (that is, to solder it 
with brass,) which he did very neatly ; for, with all his faults, 
he is an excellent workman. 



ENGLISH. 147 



No. 188. 

1. The first edition of the book was incorrectly printed, and 
the errors remained uncorrected in every edition but the last. 

2. Charles said the word was indeclinable, and so it was 
left undeclined by every boy in the class. 

3. The word argillaceous signifies clayey. Argillaceous 
earth is earth mixed with clay. Coriaceous is leathery, or 
of a substance like leather. Fabaceous plants are those of the 
nature of a bean.* Cetaceous fishes are those of the whale- 
kind. Cretaceous means chalky, or abounding with chalk. 
Crustaceous is shelly, with joints. Crabs and lobsters are 
crustaceous fishes. Farinaceous is mealy. Wheat is a fari- 
naceous plant. 

4. The soldier was employed as a Z/er-in-wait to watch the 
motions of the enemy, when a stranger approached, and in- 
formed him that the Swedish army had gone another way. 
But he was a liar ; and it was afterwards discovered that he 
was also a spy in the service of the Swedes, and had been try- 
ing his talents by an essay on the credulity of the English 
sentinel. 



No. 189. 

1. The shower was heavy, and the rain fell in such torrents 
that all the grates were choked up, and the water made its 
way along the middle of the streets. It was an hour after the 
rain had ceased to fall, before the ground had soaked up the 
water. A lady who was in the fields botanizing was caught 
in the storm, and exposed to the whole of it, without either 
cloak or umbrella to shield her from its violence. 

2. In writing letters to your friends, you should take care 
to indite them properly, that the sense may be clear and intel- 
ligible to those who are to read them. Without this precau- 
tion, what you intend to communicate may not be understood, 
and then your labour will be lost. A good inditer is prefera- 
ble to one who possesses the qualification of fine writing only. 

3. Such cattle as are more inclined to fatten than others are 
said to be good grazers : these bear a higher price, and are in 
great estimation with the graziers who feed them. 

* That is, of a Windsor bean, horse-bean, &c. 



148 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 190. 

1. Bad roads are indictable, and any person may be the in- 
dicter who can show cause to the grand jury. To indict is 
to accuse before a court of justice by a written accusation, 
called a bill of indictment. 

2. The adjective inva'lid and the substantive in' valid are 
pronounced differently, though generally spelled alike. The 
former, which signifies of no force or efficacy, comes from the 
Latin word invalidus ; and the latter, implying one disabled 
by sickness, is from the French invalide, anglicized by drop- 
ping the final e. 

3. In frosty weather, the air is so cold as to congeal water 
and to render it solid, so that the greatest weight may be con- 
veyed over it, as has been several times witnessed on the 
Thames, where fairs have been held on the ice. Water is 
much lighter in a state of congelation than when fluid. Al- 
cohol is less congealable than water. 

4. Colonel Godfrey died on the field of honour, combating 
the enemies of his country. His services had been acknow- 
ledged by Parliament, and honorary distinctions testified the 
approbation of his sovereign. 



No. 191. 

1. The countryman had no sooner left the bank, than his 
pocket was picked of a quantity of notes and a draft for fifty 
pounds. The thief, however, was at length discovered in a 
public house, where, after calling for a draught of beer and 
regaling himself with a beef-steak, he had joined a party of 
Irish soldiers who were playing at draughts. 

2. The servant said he was sorry for having delayed to re- 
turn the balance, and prayed for pardon; adding that he 
had neither played at any game of chance, nor laid out a 
penny of the money but what he had paid on his master's 
account. 

3. An ambassador, or embassador, as the word is now often 
written, is a minister of the highest rank sent, on behalf of 
one government, prince, &c, to transact business at the court 
of another. He is often accompanied by a suite or retinue of 
officers under him, and the whole is called an embassy, depu- 
tation, or legation. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 149 



No. 192. 

1. Frumenty is made of wheat boiled in milk, and is a fa- 
vourite dish with many people at Christmas. There are three 
spellings of this word, but frumenty is the most proper, being 
analogous to frumentum, the Latin word for wheat, from which 
it is evidently derived. 

2. A small branch of a tree is called a bough, and a large 
one a limb. Bread is called dough before it is baked, and 
when not baked enough it is also said to be dough or dough?/. 
A cough is a mechanical effort of the lungs to discharge vis- 
cid or tough phlegm, or other offending matter. JShough 
dogs are rough and shaggy. 

3. The stranger appeared to be a scholar and a man of sci- 
ence; and though his mind was fraught with schemes and in- 
ventions, yet in religion he was a skeptic. He produced a 
schedule of his discoveries ; but the list did not exhibit any 
proof that the world was made by chance. 



No. 193. 

1. It is not so easy to foretell the changes of the weather 
as some people imagine. This is proved by the frequent 
failure of their predictions ; and yet they are not disconcerted 
by the want of success. The prognostics of these would-be 
philosophers are generally drawn from various sources. The 
crowing of the cock on the dunghill, and the biting of a 
gnat in the evening, are incidents equally productive of mat- 
ter for fertile imaginations. But if you ask a reason for their 
opinions, they immediately bid farewell to argument, and, in- 
trenched in mystery, convince you that their understanding 
is clouded, and that the principles of their science are en- 
veloped in the mists of ignorance. 

2. The word pendant is French, and signifies any thing 
hanging by way of ornament ; as a jewel hanging in the ear; 
a small flag in ships. The pendulum of a clock is also called 
a pendant. The adjective pendent is from the Latin pendens, 
and signifies hanging; jutting over; supported from above. 
It is from this word that we have dependent, dependence, de- 
pendency, independent, &c. 

— — ~- ^ ~~~ —• — 



150 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 194. 

1. A membrane is a web of several sorts of fibres inter- 
woven together for the covering or wrapping up of some parts 
of the body. The wings of the bat are membranaceous. 
The word foliaceous is used to describe substances that con- 
sist of thin layers or leaves. Fruits of the pomaceous kind 
are those which partake of the nature of apples. Fishes that 
have continuous not jointed shells are of the testaceous kind. 
Plants that are soft, not woody, are said to be herbaceous, and 
this appellative is sometimes also given to the animals which 
feed upon them. Papilionaceous flowers are such as resem- 
ble a butterfly. The pea bears a papilionaceous flower. 

2. On the morning of the feast of St. Michael the Arch- 
angel, the French army was attacked by the archduke, and 
driven from the field of battle ; and on the following day, the 
combined fleet was defeated by the English in the Archipelago, 
when a cessation of hostilities ensued. In consequence of 
this event, the archives of the Church, which had been plun- 
dered by the arch-enemy of the repose of Europe, were reco- 
vered, the archbishop was restored to his archiepiscopal dig- 
nity, and the architectural devastation of the cathedral re- 
paired with all possible despatch. 



No. 195. 

1. In speaking of the improvement of persons in life and 
manners, we say amend and amendment ; but in correcting 
and improving literary or scientific productions we use the 
words emend and emendation. 

2. Our reception at Rose Castle was very gracious ; and 
the season for viewing the pleasure-grounds (which were in a 
state of the greatest perfection) was most propitious. The 
rooms are uncommonly spacious, and their arrangement for 
the convenience of a family in the highest degree judicious, 
but without that ostentatious display of grandeur which as- 
tonishes at Grove Park. The viands were extremely nutri- 
tious, the fruits luscious, and the wines delicious. The com- 
pany was select, and, though one of the gentlemen was a little 
sententious in his conversation, the rest were very agreeable, 
and some of them remarkably facetious. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 151 



No. 196. 

1. Monarchy is the government of a single person, what- 
ever may be his title, whether emperor, king, &c. The word 
also signifies an empire, a kingdom, &c. A hierarchy is a 
sacred government. An ecclesiastical establishment is like- 
wise denominated a hierarchy. A heptarchy is a government 
by seven persons. In the year 428, England was divided 
into seven distinct kingdoms, and governed by as many Saxon 
princes. This state of government was called the Saxon Hep- 
tarchy, and continued till 825, when Egbert united the seven 
kingdoms into a monarchy. Anarchy means a want of go- 
vernment : a state in which no man is accountable for his ac- 
tions, and in which rapine and murder are the ruling powers. 

2. Some people indulge in such a habitual absence of mind, 
that one might imagine they have a license to dispense with 
the rules of good breeding, and to deal out nonsense in the 
presence of every person doomed to hear them. Acquiescence 
in the sentiments of those orators is like offering incense to 
their vanity, and cannot be done but at the expense of sin- 
cerity in those who hear them, and who, though they may not 
make the discovery at first, cannot long remain in suspense as 
to the real character of those unprofitable companions. 



No. 197. 

1. Naphtha, petroleum, and asphaltum appear to be the same 
mineral in different states of desiccation or dryness. They are 
bituminous and inflammable, and are applied to various uses, 
particularly in the arts. Porphyry is a species of rock, so hard 
that it is difficult to temper tools so as to perforate it. The 
ancient Egyptian sculptors, however, had a method of cutting 
it, as their works testify ; but their art is said to be lost. A 
telegraph is an instrument by which information can be con- 
veyed to a distance through the means of signals observed by 
telescopes. Though the use of signals is of great antiquity, 
the modern telegraph is a creature of the French Revolution. 
The well-known electric telegraph of Professor Morse has, for 
communicating intelligence on land, superseded all others, 
and the day may not be far distant when it will in a few mi- 
nutes circumscribe the earth. 



152 THE people's spelling-book of 



No. 198. 

1. The young man proceeded to Bristol, and found that 
city so large as to exceed his highest expectations. As he 
wanted a situation in a merchant's counting-house, he applied 
to a friend who had promised to intercede for him, and had 
the good fortune to succeed according to his wishes. His new 
masters were honourable men, and conceded every reasonable 
indulgence • that was requested, and he seemed gratified and 
happy. In a little time, however, he began to recede from 
those moral principles in which he had been educated ; his 
employers became dissatisfied, and he was eventually super- 
seded, and his place filled by a person who had been intended 
to precede him, but whose friends would not then accede to 
his wishes. 

2. The distinction between a machine and an engine is not 
clearly ascertained, notwithstanding in some acceptations of 
the words there is evidently a difference. When applied to 
instruments according to the principles of mechanics, the import 
of the words seems to be the same; but we do not apply the 
word machine to a person employed as an agent, though we 
sometimes describe him as an engine used in executing the 
schemes and machinations of his principal. Such an engine 
is not moved by the common principles of mechanism. 



No. 199. 

Holdsworth was heir to a considerable estate, and had im- 
proved his fortune by marrying an heiress of a very honoura- 
ble family in the north. Though humble in his views respec- 
ting state policy, and no aspirant after literary fame, he pos- 
sessed a nice sense of honour, and was facetious in company, 
if not actually a humorist. He was much pleased in the so- 
ciety of worthy and honest men, in whatever station he found 
them, and has spent many an hour in the society of the in- 
valids in Chelsea Hospital, inquiring, with the greatest good- 
humour, the particulars of those actions in which they had ac- 
quired those honorary rewards that now ornamented their 
persons, and which shed such a lustre over them as defenders 
of their country. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 153 



SECTION VIII. 

English Prefixes; Latin Prepositions and Derivative Pre- 
fixes; English Composites from Latin Verbs and Prefixes; 
Greek Prepositions ; Greek Nouns and Verbs ; English 
Composites ; Rules for spelling ; Arabic and Roman Nume- 
rals ; Arithmetical Tables, &c. 

No. 200. 

ENGLISH PREFIXES. 

A — on, in, at, to ; a-board, a-shore, a-sleep, a-field, a-dieu. 

Be — upon, by, to, for ; be-daub, be-token, be-wail, be-speak. 

Counter — against, opposite; counter-poise, counter-work. 

For — from ; for-bear, for-bid, for-sake, for-swear. 

Fore — before ; fore-know, fore-tell, fore-warn. 

Mis — wrong ; mis-apply, mis-govern, mis-place. 

Un — not; un-fit, un-kind, un-prepared. 

With — against, from, back ; with-stand, with-hold, with-draw. 



No. 201. 

LATIN PREPOSITIONS AND DERIVATIVE PREFIXES. 

A, ab, abs — from, away; Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, as, 
at — to, at; Ante — before; Circum — around, about; Contra — 
against ; Cum, com, con, co, col, cor — with, together with ; 
De — of, from, down; Lis, di — away, apart; E or ex, ec, ef — 
out of, from, after; Extra — without, over and above, beyond; 
In, ig, il, im, ir — in, into, against, upon, not ; Inter — between, 
betwixt, one with another ; Intra, intro — within ; Ob, oc, of, 
op — opposed to, against, in front, towards ; Per — through, by; 
Post — after, behind; Prae, pre — before; Pro — for, forth, 
forwards ; Praeter, preter — before, past, beyond, beside ; Re — 
again, back; Retro — backwards, (adv.;) Se — aside, apart; Sub, 
sup, sur — under; Subter — beneath, privately, (adv.;) Su- 
per — upon, above, beyond ; Trans, tra — over, from one place 
to another, beyond, on the other side. 



154 THE people's spelling-book of 




No. 202. 




ENGLISH COMPOSITES FROM LATIN VERBS AND PREFIXES. 




Cedere, to give up, to go away. 


Cessus, given up. 




Accede, To agree or assent to. 


Precede. To go before. 




Antecedent. Going before. 


Proceed. To go forward. 




Concede. To admit ; to grant. 


Recede. To go back. 




Decease. To depart from life. 


Secede. To go from. 




Exceed. To go beyond. 


Succeed. To follow after; to pros- 




Intercede. To pass between ; to 


per. 




mediate. 






Currtre, to run. 


Cursus, run. 




Concur. To agree with. 


Occur. To run or come into view, 




Decurrent. Extending down- 


i.e. to happen. 




wards. 


Percur. To run along through, 




Discursive. Roving about ; rea- 


upon or round ; to follow an 




soning. 


outline. 




Excursive. Going out ; rambling. 


Precursor. A forerunner; har- 




Incursion. A running into ; in- 


binger. 




road. 


Recur. To come back or have 




Incur. To run into ; to become 


recourse to. 




liable or subject to. 






Ducere, to lead, draw, convey. 


Ductus, led, drawn, conveyed. 




Adduce. To lead away. 


Induce. To persuade; to bring 




Adduce. To cite in further proof. 


on. 




Conduce. To lead towards. 


Produce. To bring forward ; to 




Conduct. To lead, to guide. 


be fruitful. 




Deduce. To draw from. 


Reduce. To bring back ; to di- 




Deduct. To take away. 


minish. 




Educe. To draw out or extract. 


Seduce. To draw aside ; to cor- 




Introduce. To lead into ; to usher 


rupt. 




in. 


Traduce. To defame. 




Ferre, to bear, bring, carry. 


Latus, borne, carried. 




Confer. To consult together ; be- 


Proffer. To put forward ; to of- 




stow. 


fer. 




Defer, delay. To put off. 


Refer. To allude to a past event ; 




Differ. To be unlike ; to quarrel. 


to assign ; to appeal. 




Ferry. To convey across a river 


Suffer. To bear, endure ; to per- 




or other water in a boat. 


mit. 




Fertile. Fruitful, bearing much. 


Transfer. To carry over ; to re- 




Infer. To deduce from admitted 


move. 




premises. 


Translate. To convey or express 




Offer. To present to view ; to pro- 


a subject in a language other 




pose. 


than that in which it is written 




Prefer. To bear or carry before ; 


or spoken. 




to choose one before another. 







PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 155 


No. 203. 


Flue're, to flow. 


Fluctus v. Fluxus, flowed. 


Affluence. A flowing to ; wealth. 


Efflux. A flowing out. 


Afflux. The act of flowing, or that 


Influx. A flowing in, as of the 


which flows to. 


tide, of light, knowledge, goods, 


Conflux, confluence. The meeting 


&c. 


of two streams ; a concourse ; a 


Reflux. A flowing back. 


crowd. 


Superfluous. More than is wanted. 


Defluxion. Downward flow, or 


Superflux. Overflow; superabun- 


discharge of humours. 


dance. 


Mittere, to send, to throw. 


Missus, sent. 


Admit. To let in ; to allow. 


Omit. To leave out. 


Commit. To intrust with ; to 


Permit. To allow ; to grant leave. 


perpetrate. 


Remit. To relax ; to forgive ; to 


Emit. To send forth. 


send money, bills. &c. 


Immit. To send in. 


Submit. To yield to authority. 


Intermit. To cease at intervals. 


Transmit. To send from one per- 


Intromit. To send or let in ; to al- 


son or place to another 


low to enter. 




Ponere, to put, to place. 


Positus, placed. 


Apposite. Fitted to ; proper. 


Oppose. To place against. 


Compose. To put together 


Propose. To put forward ; to of- 


Depose. To put down. 


fer for consideration. 


Expose. To lay open. 


Repose. To lay or lie at rest. 


Impose. To lay or put upon ; to 


Suppose. To imagine ; to assume 


deceive. 


as probable. 


Interpose. To put or come be- 


Transpose. To put each of two 


tween. 


things in the place of the other. 


Scribgre, to write. 


Scripius, written. 


Ascribe. To attribute to. 


Proscribe. To denounce ; to in- 


Circumscribe. To surround with 


terdict. 


a line ; to limit. 


Subscribe. To sign a contract, or 


Describe. To write or speak of 


agreement. 


the nature and properties of 


Transcribe. To copy. 


a thing ; to delineate. 


Manuscript. A writing ; that 


Inscribe. To write on ; to ad- 


which is written by the hand. 


dress to. 


Superscribe. To write a direction 


Prescribe. To give a rule, or re- 


on the outside. 


cipe. 




Spirdre, to breathe. 


Spirans, breathing. 


Aspire. To pant after something 


Perspire. To discharge moisture 


higher. 


through the skin. 


Conspire. To agree together. 


Respire. To breathe. 


Expire. To breathe out ; to die. 


Suspire. To sigh. 


Inspire. To inhale ; to animate. 


Transpire. To pass out in va- 




pour ; to escape from secrecy. 



156 



THE PEOPLE'S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



No. 

TraMre, to draw. 
Attract. To draw to ; to allure. 
To draw from ; to sepa- 



Abstract. 

rate. 
Contract. 
Detract. 
Distract. 

plex. 



To draw together. 
To take from merit. 
To divert from ; to per- 



Vert&re, to turn. 
Jivert. To turn away. 
Convert. To change. 
Controvert. To contend against. 
Divert. To turn away ; to please. 
Introvert. To turn inward. 
Invert. To turn upside down. 

To turn towards. 

To turn from truth. 

To turn back ; refer to. 

To bring under ; over- 



Obvert. 
Pervert. 
Revert. 
Subvert. 
throw. 



Vocare, to call, to name. 

Avocation. Casual occupation. 

Advocate. To plead for ; to vin- 
dicate. 

Convoke. To call together. 

Equivocal. Ambiguous ; having 
different meanings. 

Vocation. Calling; profession; 
business of life. 



204. 

Extract. 
Protract. 
Retract. 
cant. 
Subtract, 



Tractus, drawn. 
To draw out ; to select. 
To lengthen. 
To draw back ; to re- 

To take one number 



from another. 



Versus, turned. 

Adverse. Opposed to. 

Converse. To discourse with. 

Obverse. The face of a coin. 

Perverse. Turned from right. 

Reverse. To turn upside down, 
inside out, and backside fore- 
most. 

Transverse. To overturn ; the 
longer axis or diameter of an 
ellipse. 

Traverse. To cross from side to 
side. 

Vocdtus, called, named. 

Evoke. To call forth. 

Invoke. To call upon in an ear- 
nest or solemn manner. 

Provoke. To offend; to call forth 
latent energy ; to arouse, stimu- 
late. 

Revoke. To recall ; to repeal. 

Irrevocable. Not to be recalled. 



A or an- 



No. 205. 

GREEK PREPOSITIONS, 
-wanting, opposed; Am'phi — both, two; Ana- 



again; An'ti — against; A'po, aph — from; Di'a — through; 
E'pi, eph — upon; He'mi (he'misus) — half; Hy'per — over; 
Hy'po — under; Ka'ta — according to, against; Meta — beyond; 
Pe'ri — around; Syn, sym ; syl — together. 

GREEK NOUNS AND VERBS. 



Pa'thos. Passion, feeling. 
Ar'che (ar'ka). The beginning ; 

government. 
Nd'mos. A law ; a rule. 
/ no ma. A name. 
Bi'6S. Life. 



Ski' a. A shadow. 
Ar f thritis. Gout. 
Aslh/ma. Diseased spasmodic re- 
spiration. 
Stro'phe (stro'fa). A turning. 
Go / ni a. An angle. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



157 



Me'tron. A measure. 
DSr'ma. The skin. 
Sphai'ra. A sphere. 
PWge (pWga). A stroke. 
Oz'us. An acid. 
Gen'na o. I produce. 
Ge (gay). The earth. 
Lo'gos. A word ; a discourse. 



Gra'pho. I write, delineate, de- 
scribe. 
Kar'pos. The wrist. 
Mor'phe. A form or shape. 
Phra'sis. A phrase. 
Do'xa. A glory ; opinion. 
Phe'ro. I bear. 
Chrd'nds. Time. 



an'ti, 



No. 206. 

ENGLISH COMPOSITES. 

From s&i'a, a shadow, and the prefixes a, am'ph 
and pe'ri, we form a'scii, amphi'scii, anti'scii, peri'scii; also, 
from hefteros, another, hetero'scii. These names are applied 
to persons living in different zones of the earth : — those in the 
torrid zone are all at some time of the year a'scii, (without 
shadow;) those towards the equator are also amphi'scii, 
(having the shadow sometimes north and sometimes south;) 
those in different hemispheres, when the sun is on the 
equator, are anti'scii, (having opposite shadows;) those in 
each temperate zone always see their shadow in the same di- 
rection ; hence with regard to each other they are hetero'scii, 
(each having the shadow always in a direction contrary to the 
other;) those in the frigid zones, for a short season of the 
year, during the time of the sun's perpetual apparition, see 
their shadow turn all round the compass, and are therefore 
called peri'scii, (having a circumgyrating shadow.) The fol- 
lowing are constructed in a similar manner. 

Apos'ta tize. To forsake princi- 
ples or faith which one has 
professed. 

Ca'ta logue. List of names, usual- 
ly in alphabetic order. 

Ca'ta graph. First sketch of a 
picture. 

Diagonal. The straight line 
which joins two opposite angles 
of a four-sided figure and di- 
vides it into two triangles. 

Di a'me ter. The straight line 
which divides a circle or other 
regular figure into two equal 
parts by passing through the 
centre. 



A r pa thy. Want of feeling. 

A'nar chy. Want of government. 

A no'ma lous. Wanting rule. 

A no'ny mous. Without name. 

AmphVbious. Living both on 
land and in the water. 

A na'chro nism. An error in com- 
puting time; a misplacing of 
events. 

An ti ar ihri'tic. Against gout ; a 
remedy for gout. 

An ti asth ma' tic. Against asth- 
ma ; a remedy for asthma. 

Apostrophe. A digressive ad- 
dress ; comma which marks el- 
lipsis. 



158 



TIIE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



E pi der'mis. 

rind. 
Ephe'me ris. 

journal. 
He / mi sphere. 
He'miplegy. 



Outer skin ; outer 
Being of a day ; 



Half a sphere. 
Palsy, stroke af- 
fecting one side of the body. 
Hyper cri'tic. A captious critic. 
Hyper ox'yd. That which has an 

excess of oxygen. 
Hypo ge'um. Part of a building 

under ground. 
Hypo cri'tic. Under false show. 



Me ta car'pus. Between the wrist 
and the fingers. 

Me ta mor'phose. Change of form. 

Paraphrase. Explanatory re- 
mark. 

Pa'ra dox. A seemingly absurd 
truth. 

Pe rVphe ry. Surrounding out- 



line. 
Pe ri'me ter. 

surface. 
Syn'chro nal. 

er in time. 



Boundary-line or 
Happening togeth- 



No. 207. 

RULES FOR SPELLING. 

1. In monosyllables, final I is double when preceded by but 
one vowel, single when preceded by more than one ; as, ball, 
bell, hill, &c, coal, cool, frail, &c. 

2. When a monosyllable ending in 11 becomes the initial 
syllable of a compound word, if it is followed by a hyphen, U 
is retained ; as, all-important, full-blown, &c; but if not, one 
I is dropped ; as, almigh'ty, ful'ness, &c. 

3. When a monosyllable ending in 11 preceded by a long 
vowel becomes the final syllable of a word, 11 is retained ; as, 
befall' , install', recall', disinthralV ', &c. When the preceding 
vowel is a short one, I is dropped ; as, befel', instil' , &c. But 
when a hyphen intervenes or the last syllable is very strongly 
accented, 11 is retained; as, foretell' , mis-spell', undersell', 
&c. 

4. The noun hill, being in its combinations of primary im- 
portance, always retains 7^; as , ant! hill, mole'hill, dung'hill, 
up'hill, &c. 

5. In the middle of a word 11 is retained, and a single I is 
doubled before a vowel; but, before a consonant, I remains 
single, and 11 loses one l) as, inthrall', inthral'ling, inthral'- 
ment ; fulfil', fulfill 'ing, fulfil 'ment, &c. 

6. In all verbs, the final e which follows a single consonant 
preceded by a single vowel is dropped before an additional 
syllable beginning with a vowel, but retained before a conso- 
nant ; as, pave, paving, pavement ; improve, improving, im- 
provement, &c. ; ee is retained, as, see, seeing ; agree, agree- 
ing. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 159 



No. 208. 

1. Final e after two consonants, one of which it softens, is 
also retained before an initial consonant ; as judge, judgement ; 
convince, convincement ; arrange, arrangement ; acknowledge, 
acknowledgement, &c. 

2. When a monosyllable ends with a single consonant pre- 
ceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled before an 
additional syllable beginning with a vowel, but before a con- 
sonant it is not doubled ; as, big, bigger, biggest, bigness ; 
ship, shipper, shipping, shipment ; sin, sinner, sinning, sin- 
ful, &c. 

3. When the final consonant is preceded by more than one 
vowel, it is not doubled j as, break! , brealking ; fee^ fee' ling ; 
neat,nea'ter, nea'test; soon, soo'ner, sod nest, &c. 

4. The two preceding rules apply also to polysyllables 
when the accent is on the last syllable and is not removed ; 
thus, commit, committed, committee, commitment; repeal' , 
repea'ler, repealling, &c. 

5. When, in a noun which is derived from a verb ending 
with accented er, the accent is removed to the first syllable or 
towards it, the e is retained before the r, and the r is not 
doubled ; thus, from confer', defer', infer 1 , refer', prefer', we 
obtain conference, deference, inference, reference, prefe- 
rence, &c. When the final er is not accented, e is sometimes 
dropped ) as, encumber, remember. &c, from which we derive 
encumbrance, remembrance, &c. 

When the accent remains on er, the r is doubled ; as, con- 
fer 'rer, prefer' rer, preferring, &c. 



No. 209. 

1. Nouns of one syllable ending in y preceded by a conso- 
nant change y into ies in the plural; and regular verbs end- 
ing in y preceded by a consonant change y into ies in the 
third person singular of the present tense, and into ied in the 
past tense and perfect participle ; as, spy, spies, spied ; try, 
tries, tried ; I apply, he applies; I applied ; we have replied. 

When the final y is preceded by a vowel, it remains un- 
changed ; as, Iplay, he plays; we enjoyed our walk. 



160 THE people's spelling-book of 

2. In forming their present participle, these verbs follow 
the general rule, ing being added to the infinitive ; as spy, 
spying; try, trying; apply, applying, &c. The verb dye, 
to colour, makes dyeing, and die, to expire, makes dy- 
ing, which seems to be almost the only exception to the gene- 
ral rule. 

3. Dissyllables and polysyllables change y preceded by a 
consonant to ies in the plural and to * in their derivatives ; 
as, beau'ty, beau' ties, beau'tiful; dependency, dependencies ; 
lone'ly, lone'liness, &c. 

4. Dissyllable nouns, &c. formed from monosyllables end- 
ing in y do not change the y ; as buy, buyer, buying ; cry, 
cryer, crying ; dry, dryer, drying, dryly, dryness; fly, flyer, 
flying ; pry, pryer, prying ; shy, shyly, shyness ; sly, slyly, 
slyness, &o# 



No. 210. 

THE BEATITUDES. 



Jesus, seeing the multitudes, went up into a mountain ; and 
when he was set, his disciples came unto him. 

And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying, 

Blessed are the poor in spirit : for theirs is the kingdom of 
heaven. 

Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. 

Blessed are the meek : for they' shall inherit the earth. 

Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righ- 
teousness : for they shall be filled. 

Blessed are the merciful : for they shall obtain mercy. 

Blessed are the pure in heart : for they shall see God. 

Blessed are the peacemakers : for they shall be called the 
children of God. 

Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' 
sake : for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 

Blessed are ye when men shall revile you, and persecute 
you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for 
my sake. 

Rejoice, and be exceeding glad : for great is your reward in 
heaven : for so persecuted they the prophets which were be- 
fore you. 





PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 161 




No. 211. 




ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMERALS. 


Arabic. 


Roman. 


Names. 


Numeral adjectives. 


1 


I 


one 


first 


2 


II 


two 


second 


3 


III 


three 


third 


4 


IV 


four 


fourth 


5 


V 


five 


fifth 


6 


VI 


six 


sixth 


7 


VII 


seven 


seventh 


8 


VIII 


eight 


eighth 


9 


IX 


nine 


ninth 


10 


X 


ten 


tenth 


11 


XI 


eleven 


eleventh 


12 


XII 


twelve 


twelfth 


13 


XIII 


thirteen 


thirteenth 


14 


XIV 


fourteen 


fourteenth 


15 


XV 


fifteen 


fifteenth 


16 


XVI 


sixteen 


sixteenth 


17 


XVII 


seventeen 


seventeenth 


18 


XVIII 


eighteen 


eighteenth 


19 


XIX 


nineteen 


nineteenth 


20 


XX 


twenty 


twentieth 


30 


XXX 


thirty 


thirtieth 


40 


XL 


forty 


fortieth 


50 


L 


fifty 


fiftieth 


60 


LX 


sixty 


sixtieth 


70 


LXX 


seventy 


seventieth 


80 


LXXX 


eighty 


eightieth 


90 


XG 


ninety 


ninetieth 


100 


C 


one hundred 


one hundredth 


200 


cc 


two hundred 


two hundredth 


300 


ccc 


three hundred 


three hundredth 


400 


cccc 


four hundred 


four hundredth 


500 


D 


five hundred 


five hundredth 


600 


DC 


six hundred 


six hundredth 


700 


DCC 


seven hundred 


seven hundredth 


800 


DCCC 


eight hundred 


eight hundredth 


900 


DCCCC 


nine hundred 


nine hundredth 


1000 


M 


one thousand 


one thousandth 


2000 


MM 


two thousand 


two thousandth, &c. 


1857 
\ one- 


MDCCCLVII 


one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven. 


lalf 


£ one-si 


rtb 


^ or ,1 one-tenth 


,25 twenty-five 


\ one-1 


,hird 


\ one-seventh 


T 2 ff< or ,2 two-tenths 


hundredths 


{ one-1 


ourth 


£ one-eighth 


jjj'ot ,3 three-tenths 


,75 seventy-five 


| one-1 


ifth 


I one-ninth 


j% or ,9 nine-tenths 


hundredths 



162 THE people's spelling-book of 

ARITHMETICAL TABLES, &o. 

To multiply each of the nine digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 
by ten, we place (nought or cipher) on the right succes- 
sively, and have 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. 

The second place, to which the digits are now removed, is 
called the place of tens, because each is a number of tens. 

If we again multiply by ten, by placing another on the 
right we have 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900. 

The third place, to which the digits are now removed, is 
called the place of hundreds, because each now expresses a 
number of hundreds. The three places units, tens, hundreds 
form a period. 

By continuing to place a cipher on the right, each digit, in 
being thus removed towards the left, assumes at each remove 
a tenfold higher value ; and new periods are formed towards 
the left, each consisting of units, tens, and hundreds. 

In reading numbers, we begin at the left hand, and the num- 
ber under each period is read as if it stood alone, and we an- 
nex to it the name of the period. The names and order of 
the periods, as far as quintillions inclusive, are exhibited in 
the following number. 

Quintillions Quadrillions Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Units 
625 473 792 444 444 132 561 

This number is read, beginning at the left, — Six hundred 
and twenty -five Quintillions ; four hundred and seventy-three 
Quadrillions ; seven hundred and ninety-two Trillions ; four 
hundred and forty-four Billions ; four hundred and forty - 
four Millions ) one hundred and thirty-two Thousand ; five 
hundred and sixty-one. The name units of the last period 
is not read, because the whole of the number, as well as each 
figure in it, is a number of units. 

The unit of each period towards the left is composed of ten 
times one hundred or one thousand units of the period pre- 
ceding it : thus, a million is one thousand thousands ) a 
billion is one thousand millions ; a trillion is one thousand 
billions, &c. 



The four cardinal operations of Arithmetic are represented 
by the following signs : — 

-\- Plus, or more, the sign of Addition. 
— Minus, or less, 'J Subtraction. 
X or . Into, " Multiplication. 

-7- By (divided by) " Division. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 



163 



In Addition, the answer is called the Sum. 

" Subtraction, " " Difference. 

" Multiplication, " " Product. 

" Division, " " Quotient. 

Thus : a plus b (a-\-b) is a Sum, (a added to b.) 

a minus b (a — 6) is a Difference, (b taken from a.) 
a into b (aX&) is a Product, (a multiplied by 6.) 



a by b, (a-i-6), or - is a Quotient, (a divided by 5.) 
6 



ADDITION TABLE. 



2 + 2=4 
2 + 3=5 
2 + 4=6 
2 + -5 = 7 
2 + 6=8 
2 + 7=9 
2 + 8 = 10 
2 + 9 = 11 

18 



+ 3=6 
+ 4= 7 
+ 5=8 
+ 6=9 
+ 7 = 10 
+ 8 = 11 
+ 9 = 12 

+ 8 = 16 
+ 9 = 17 



4 + 4= 8 
4 + 5=9 
4 + 6 = 10 

4 + 7 = 11 
4 + 8 = 12 
4 + 9 = 13 

7 + 7 = 14 
7 + 8 = 15 
7 + 9 = 16 



5 + 5 = 10 
5 + 6 = 11 

5 + 7 = 12 
5 + 8 = 13 

5 + 9 = 14 

6 + 6 = 12 
6 + 7 = 13 
6 + 8 = 14 
6 + 9 = 15 



2 and 2 is* 4 ; twice 



9 + 9 

The table should be repeated thus 
2 is* 4 ) 2 and 3 is 5; 3 and 2 is 5 ; 2 and 4 is 6 ; 4 and 2 is 
6; 2 and 5 is 7; 5 and 2 is 7, &c, throughout. This exer- 
cise should be repeated till the pupil becomes perfectly familiar 
with the table. The sign = signifies equal to, or equals. 



SUBTRACTION TABLE. 



4 — 2 = 2 

5 — 2 = 3 

6 — 2=4 

7 — 2 = 5 

8 — 2 = 6 

9 — 2 = 7 

10 — 2 = 8 

11 _ 2 = 9 

18 — 9 = 9 



6 — 3 = 3 

7 — 3=4 

8 — 3 = 5 

9 — 3 = 6 

10 _ 3 = 7 

11 — 3 = 8 

12 — 3 = 9 

16 — 8 = 8 

17 — 8 = 9 



8—4 = 4 
9 —4 = 5 

10 _ 4 = 6 

11 — 4 = 7 

12 — 4=^8 

13 — 4 = 9 

14 — 7 = 7 

15 _ 7 = 8 

16 — 7 = 9 



10 — 5 = 5 

11 _ 5 = 6 

12 — 5 = 7 

13 — 5 = 8 

14 — 5 = 9 

12 — 6 = 6 

13 — 6 = 7 

14 _ 6 = 8 

15 — 6 = 9 



* The use of the ungrammatical and exceedingly clumsy word are, 
now so frequently used for is in addition and multiplication, should 
be carefully avoided. Also the word sum should never be used for 
question. 



164 



THE PEOPLE S SPELLING-BOOK OF 



Where the remainder and less number are not alike, first 
subtract the less number and afterwards the remainder. Thus, 
2 from 5, three ; 3 from 5, two ; 2 from - 6, four ; 4 from 6, 
two; 2 from 7, five; 5 from 7, two, &c., throughout. 



MULTIPLICATION TABLE. 



2 = 4 
3=6 
4= 8 

5 = 10 

6 = 12 

7 = 14 
X8 = 16 
X9 = 18 



9 X 9 = 81 



3= 9 

4 = 12 

5 = 15 

6 = 18 

7 = 21 

8 = 24 

9 = 27 



8 X 8 = 64 
8 X 9 = 72 



4 = 16 

5 = 20 

6 = 24 

7 = 28 

8 = 32 

9 = 36 



7 X 7 = 49 
7 X 8 = 56 
7 x 9 = 63 



X 5=25 
X 6 = 30 
X7 = 35 
X8 = 40 
X 9 =45 



6 X 6 = 36 
6 X 7=42 
6 x 8 = 48 
6 X 9 = 54 



The numbers produced by the continual addition of each 
of the digits form the following table, which is attributed to 
Pythagoras. The first line is formed by adding 1 to itself, 
and continuing the addition till we have 9 times 1. The 
second line, by adding 2 in the same manner. The third, by 
adding 3, and so on for the others. 



PYTHAGOREAN TABLE. 



1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


2 


4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


3 


6 


9 


12 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


4 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


5 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


6 


12 


18 


24 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


7 


14 


21 


28 


35 


42 


49 


56 


63 


8 


16 


24 


32 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


9 


18 


27 


36 


45 


54 


63 


72 


81 



FEDERAL MONEY. 



10 mills, m. } make 
10 cents 

10 dimes, or 100 cents 
10 dollars 
Mills are merely nominal. 



1 cent, ct. 
1 dime, d. 
1 dollar, $ 
1 eagle, E. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 165 



GOLD COINS. 

Double Eagle - - $20 

Eagle - - - $10 

Half-Eagle - $5 

Quarter-Eagle - - $2£ 

Three-Dollar piece - $3 

Gold Dollar - - $1 



SILVER COINS. 

Dollar - - 100 cts. 

Half-Dollar' - - 50 cts. 

Quarter-Dollar - 25 cts. 

Dime - - 10 cts. 

Half-Dime 5 cts. 

Three-cent piece - 3 cts. 



The copper coins are cent and half-cent. 

In 12345 mills, how many eagles? How many dollars? 
Dimes ? Cents ? Read the number in dollars, cents, and 
mills. What part of a cent is the figure 5 ? Read the num- 
ber in dollars and cents. 

ENGLISH OR STERLING MONEY. 

qr. is the abbreviation of quadrans, the Latin word for 
farthing. 

4 farthings, qr., make 1 penny, d. 
12 pence, or 48 qrs. 1 shilling, s. 

20 shillings, 240 d. } or 960 qrs. - 1 pound £. 

21 shillings 1 guinea. 

5 shillings 1 crown. 

Farthings are usually written as fractions of a penny, thus : 
Id. - - - 1 farthing. 

\ d. - - 2 farthings, or half-penny, 

f d. - - - 3 farthings. 

To reduce pence sterling to cents. Place two ciphers on 
the right of the pence, and divide first by 6 and then by 9. 
The last quotient is the answer. 

To reduce cents to pence. Point off two figures, multiply 
by 6 and that product by 9. The last product is the answer. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

By this weight are weighed gold, silver, jewels, and some 
other costly articles. 

24 grains, gr., make 1 pennyweight, dwt. 

20 pennyweights 1 ounce, oz. 

12 ounces 1 pound, lb. 



166 THE people's spelling-book of 

WEIGHT. 

By this weight apothecaries mix their medicines, but buy 
and sell by Avoirdupois. 

20 grains, gr., make 1 scruple, d. 

3 scruples 1 drachm, 3. 
8 drachms 1 ounce, %. 

12 ounces - ... 1 pound, lb. 

A common teacup holds 4 fluid-ounces. 

" wineglass 2 " 

" tablespoon $ " 

" teaspoon $ " 

avoirdupois weight. 

By this weight are weighed gross articles and metals. 

16 drachms, dr., make 1 ounce, oz. 

16 ounces 1 pound, lb. 

28 pounds - - - - 1 quarter, qr. 

4 quarters, or 112 lbs. 1 hundredw't, cwt. 
20 hundredweight, or 2240 lbs. 1 ton, T. 

A hundredweight is sometimes called a quintal. 
The pound Avoirdupois consists of 7000 grains Troy, and 
is to the pound Troy very nearly as 17 to 14. 

LONG MEASURE. 

10 lines Eng., or 12 lines Fr., I., make 1 inch, in. 

12 inches 1 foot, ft. 

3 feet 1 yard, yd. 

6 feet ----- 1 fathom,/a£A. 

5 J yards, or 16^ feet - - - 1 rodorpole,^. 
40 poles, or 220 yards 1 furlong, fur. 

8 furlongs, 1760 yards, or 5280 feet 1 mile, M. 

3 miles 1 league, L. 

A hand, by which horses are measured, is 4 inches. 

CLOTH MEASURE. 

2i inches, in., make - 1 nail, n. 

4 nails 1 quarter, qr. 

4 quarters 1 yard, yd. 

2 \ quarters, or 10 nails - 1 ell Hamburgh, E. H. 

3 quarters - - - 1 ell Flemish, E. F. 

5 quarters - - - 1 ell English, E. E. 

6 quarters - - - 1 ell French, E. F. 



PLAIN, COMMON-SENSE ENGLISH. 167 

LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE. 

100 Eng. or 144 Fr. square lines, s. I, make 1 sq. inch, s. in. 

144 square inches - - - - 1 sq. foot, s. f. 

9 square feet 1 sq. yard, s. yd. 

30 J square yards, or 272£ sq. ft. - 1 pole, or per., p. 

40 poles in length and one in breadth 1 rood, r. 

4 roods, or 160 poles 1 acre, a. 

4840 sq. yards, or 43560 sq. feet 1 acre. 

640 acres 1 sq. mile, s. m. 

In the actual measurement of land an instrument is usually 
employed called the 

surveyor's or gunter's chain. 
7,92 inches make - - ... , - 1 link. 

25 links 1 rod, pole, or perch. 

100 links, 22 yds., or 66 ft. - 1 chain = 4 rods. 

80 chains 1 mile. 

10 square chains — that is, 10 chains in length and 1 in 
breadth — make 1 acre. 

100000 square links ■ - - - 1 acre. 

SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. 

1000 Eng. or 1728 Fr. cubic lines, c. l. } make 1 cubic inch, c. in. 
1728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, eft. 

27 cubic feet - 1 cubic yard, c. yd. 

40 feet of round or 50 ft. of hewn timber 1 ton, t. 

42 cubic feet 1 ton of shipping. 

Firewood, 8 ft. long, 4 ft. broad, and } -, i n 

4 ft. high, or 128 cubic feet ) ' L corcl > V ' 

16 c. ft. or i of a cord, in the N. E. States, 1 foot of wood. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 pints make 1 quart, qt. 

4 quarts 1 gallon, gal. 

2 gallons, or 8 quarts 1 peck, ph. 

4 pecks, 8 gals., or 32 quarts - 1 bushel, bush. 

WINE measure. 

By the following measure are measured brandy, spirits, cider, 
vinegar, molasses, oil, &c. Honey is sold by the pound Avoir- 
dupois. 



168 THE people's spelling-book. 


4 gills, gi., make - 


1 pint, pt. 


2 pints - 


1 quart, qt. 


4 quarts - 


1 gallon, gal. 


31 £ gallons - 


1 barrel, bar. 


42 gallons - 


1 tierce, tier. 


63 gallons - 


1 hogshead, hhd. 


84 gallons - 


1 puncheon, pun. 


2 hogsheads, or 126 gallons - 


1 pipe, p., or butt, b. 


2 pipes, or 252 gallons - 


1 tun, T. 


The gallon contains 231 cubic inches. Ten gallons make 


one anker. 




The Winchester bushel is a round vessel 18 $ inches in di- 


ameter throughout, and 8 inches deep, 


and contains 2150^ -f" 


cubic inches. The dry gallon contains 


, of course, 268 J cubic 


inches. 




The following measure is used for malt liquor only. The 


gallon contains 282 cubic inches. 




BEER MEASURE 




2 pints, pts. } make 


1 quart, qt. 


4 quarts - 


1 gallon, gal. 


9 gallons - 


• 1 firkin, fir. 


2 firkins - 


1 kilderkin, Ml. 


2 kilderkins ... 


1 barrel, bar. 


3 kilderkins, or 1$ bar. 


1 hogshead, hhd. 


2 hogsheads - 


1 butt, b. 


2 butts - - - 


1 tun, T. 


MEAN SOLAR OR COMMON TIME. 


60 seconds, sec. make - 


1 minute, m. 


60 minutes - 


1 hour, h. 


24 hours - 


1 day, d. 


7 days - 


1 week, w. 


4 weeks - 


1 month, mo. 


13 months, 1 day, and 6 hours, *) 
or 365 days, 6 hours j 


1 common or 


Julian year, y. 


A labourer's month consists of 26 working days, and a mer- 


cantile month of 30 days. 




ASTRONOMICAL MEASURE. 


60 seconds (") make 


1 minute, '. 


60 minutes - - - - 


1 degree, °. 


30 degrees, - 


- 1 sign, s. 


12 signs, or 360°, the whole circle of the zodiac. 



- 



HEATH'f 



-rrniT.'X, 




By tlie aid o 

''' mill illlll!lllllllllJIIJIJjJIJIIIJIIJ I 

■^^^^^ 003 2Rr n '''''»l I '."■' 
to logarithms inclusive, coiupx^. ^ ^45 9 £ >ra 1] 

lasurements, can be expeditiously ana >u. v learned 
without the aid of a teacher. 

The author especially invites the attention of teachers, both 
male and female, to this work, under the full assurance that 
it will prove a powerful stimulus to the industry of the pupil, 
who will find in the book a thorough explanation of every 
principle, the most expeditious methods of operation abun- 
dantly developed by examples, and the why and wherefore 
given at every step of his progress, in exceedingly plain and 
comprehensible language : hence the work will be an efficient 
aid and solace in this important and onerous branch of their 
arduous scholastic duties. 

Many gratifying and enthusiastic testimonials have been 
elicited by the perusal of the work. The following, which 
is of high authority, may be deemed sufficient : — 

" Mr. N. Heath's l Treatise on Arithmetic' is the very best 
work on this subject with which I am acquainted. It is at 
ouce comprehensive and perspicuous; and, from the fulness 
of the explanations, and the abundance of well-chosen exam- 
ples for practice, it is adapted, not only to be used in schools, 
but also, in a remarkable degree, to the purposes -of self- 
instruction. 

"HENRY YETHAKE, 
"Prov't of the University of Pennsylvania." 



"We fully corrur in the above recommendation. 
"JOHN F. FRAZER, 
" Yice-Prov't, Prof. Nat. Philos. and Chemistry. 
"E. OTIS KENDALL, 

" Professor of Mathematics." 



Sent, postage-free, to any part of the United States on re- 
ceipt of One Dollar. Address Noble Heath, 89 South 
Fifth Street, Philadelphia. 



